Lesson (2)

The calculation of chemical

reactions

There are two forms of compounds' units:

1.Molecules: this is for covalent compounds

such as water, methane….

2.Formula units: for ionic compounds

which exist in a form of ions
 Forms of compounds' units:

1.Molecules:

2.Formula units:
 molecular formula Empirical formula
The formula that describes The formula that describe the
the actual numbers and simplest ratio between the
atoms of the elements forming
types of atoms or ions
the compound molecules
forming the molecules

such as C2H4O2 such as CH2O

C3H6 CH2
1. Example: The formula of Propylene is C3H6
its mass = 42 gram/mole
 If we divided both numbers 3
o The empirical formula will be CH2
o its = 14 gram/mole
Mass of empirical formula x its no. in
molecular f. = 14 x 3 = 42
Mass percentage: the number of units from the particle for
each 100 unit of all.
The mass percent of a substance =
the mass (or the mole) the substance
100
the mass of (or the mole) the compound

Calculate the weight percent of oxygen in carbon

dioxide gas(C=12,O=16)
 •Calculate the no. of carbon moles in an organic compound
containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. The weight percent of
carbon = 85.71% and the molar mass of the compound = 28 gm
(C=12)
•The mass percent of a substance =
the mass (or the mole) the substance
 100
the mass of (or the mole) the compound

So mass of carbon = the mass percent x molar mass =

85.71% x 28 = 24 gm
the mass of carbon 24
Number of carbon    2moles
atomic mass of C 12
moles
 Calculate the empirical formula of a compound containing 25.9%
nitrogen and 74.1% oxygen (O=16, N=14)
  Nitrogen Oxygen
Reacting masses 25.9 74.1
25.9 74.1
Number of moles 14
= 1.85
16
= 4.63

1.85 4.63
Ratio of moles 1.85
=1
1.85
= 2.5

To obtain whole number multiply by 2

Ratio of moles will be 2 5
Empirical formula is  N2O5
1) Calculate its molecular formula of acetic acid of weight 60 gm
contains 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen and oxygen 53.33%
(C=12, O=16, H=1).
  C H O
Reacting masses

Number of moles
Ratio of moles
Empirical formula
Mass of Empirical
formula
n

Molecular formula
 Actual and theoretical yields

When a chemical reaction is taken place to get certain

amount of chemical substances.

 The chemical equation of the reaction determines

theoretically the amount of the products.

 Actual yield: The amount of substances we get

practically from the reaction
 Theoretic yield: The amount of substances we

expect to get form the reaction

 But practically, the amount of the
products will be less than the theoretical
amount because:-
1.The products may be volatile and parts of them
spread in the air
2.Parts of the products may stick to the glass
containers walls
3.The reactants may be impure