Electrical Power Plant

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
 Transforming energy to electricity
Power Plant
Transforms some type of energy to electric energy
– Circular motion from direct force (hydro, wind, waves)
– Circulation motion from direct steam using heating (thermal, nuclear)
– Photovoltaic panel
Generators
Transforms circular motion of the rotor into electricity
Electricity Generation

USA (>2000) France (>2000)

Portugal (2006)
 Thermal Power Plants
Power: 200 to 500 MW
Efficiency: 33% to 48%
Fuel: coal, natural gas, nuclear, oil, solar

Sines (1,2GW)

Taichung (4,7GW)

Thermal Power Plant diagram

 Geothermal Power Plant
Ribeira Grande power: 14 MW
Efficiency: <80%

Ribeira Grande
(14MW)

Geothermal Diagram
 Geothermal Power Plant
Ribeira Grande power: 14 MW
Efficiency: <40%

Ribeira Grande
(14MW)

Geothermal Diagram
 Hydro Power Plants
Power: 100 MW to 14GW
Efficiency: 90%

Castelo Bode Alqueva

(140MW) (240MW)

Alto Lindoso Itaipu

(632MW) (14GW)
Hydro Plant diagram
 Wind Power Plant
Wind turbine power: 1 - 5MW
MagLev: 1GW(?)
Wind farm power: 10 – 300MW Copenhagen
Betz efficiency: 59.6% (40MW)
Wind turbine efficiency: 30% Pampilhosa
Capacity factor: 20 - 40% (81MW)
Area: 5MW /hectare

Wind Turbine Diagram

Wind Potential Europe
 Wave Generator
Turbine
Using air flow created by waves to move a turbine
Using wave to push water upwards and using a normal hydro power plant
Hydraulic motor
Transforming linear to circular motion

Pico,
Açores

Archimedes
(AWS)
 Pelamis Generator
Linear motion into circular motion
Cylinders (linear) and hydraulic motor( circular)
 Wave Power Plant
Pelamis power: 0.75 MW
Wave farm power: 2 – 20MW
Efficiency: 25-40%
Area: 30kW/ hectare

Wave world potential PovoaVarzim

(2,25MW)
 Photovoltaic Power Plant
PV panel power: 150 W/m2
PV plant power: 10 – 60MW
Moura (62MW)
PV panel efficiency: 20%
Serpa (11MW) Moura (62MW)
Insolation: 4-7 kW/m2/day
Area: 1MW/hectare

Plant diagram
Insolation year
The Generation of Electric Energy

• Electricity: the energy carrier of the future

• Boundary conditions:
– Oil, gas, coal and uranium resources are limited
– Ecological impact
– Reliability of supply
– Low prices
 Fuel Mix

Capacity [GW] France Netherlands Germany Austria Switzerland Italy

Hydro power 25.4 - 9.1 11.8 13.3 21.1

Nuclear power 63.2 0.5 20.3 - 3.2 -

Conventional thermal 24.8 19.3 70.4 6.3 0.3 66.2

Renewables 2.4 2.3 24.5 0.9 0.3 2.5

total 115.8 22.1 124.3 19.0 17.1 89.8

Installed generation capacity in some European countries in the year 2006

 Thermal Power Plant (1)

The Amercentrale in the Netherlands (Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.)

 Thermal Power Plant (2)

The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle
The Principals of Thermodynamics (1)

dQ = dU + dW = dU + pdV

– Q : The heat added to the system [J]

– U : The internal energy [J]
– W : The work done by the system [J]
– P : The gas pressure [Pa]
– V : The gas volume [m3]
The Principals of Thermodynamics (2)

pV-diagram of an ideal gas with two states (p1, V1) and (p2, V2)
The Principals of Thermodynamics (3)

Schematic representation of a heat engine working between a hot

reservoir (T1) and a cold reservoir (T2)
The Principals of Thermodynamics (4)

The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle

 Thermal Power Plant (1)

The principal components of a thermal power plant with the Rankine Cycle
Thermal Power Plant (2)

The Rankine Cycle

 Nuclear Power Plant (1)
A typical fission reaction
 Nuclear Power Plant (2)
The Boiling Water Reactor
 Nuclear Power Plant (3)
The Pressurized Water Reactor
 Nuclear Fusion
A typical fusion reaction
Wind Energy

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

 Wind Turbines (1)
The Danish wind turbine concept
 Wind Turbines (2)
Wind turbine with a doubly-fed induction generator
 Wind Turbines (3)
A direct drive wind turbine
Hydro Power
 Water Turbines (1)
The Kaplan Water Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
 Water Turbines (2)
The Francis Water Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
 Water Turbines (3)
The Pelton Wheel Turbine

Courtesy of Voith Siemens Hydro

Power Generation GmbH & Co. KG
 Solar Power (1)
Solar Power Tower

Courtesy of DOE/NREL
 Solar Power (2)
Solar Panels

Courtesy of DOE/NREL
 Geothermal Power (1)
Dry Steam Power Plant
 Geothermal Power (2)
Flash Steam Power Plant
 Geothermal Power (3)
Binary-Cycle Power Plant
The Synchronous Machine (1)
 The Synchronous Machine (2)
Generator Types

Two-pole cylindrical rotor Four-pole salient-pole rotor

 The Synchronous Machine (3)
Equivalent Circuit

No power exchange with the grid

 The Synchronous Machine (4)
Grid interaction

No power exchange Generator injects power into the grid

 The Synchronous Machine (5)
Equivalent Circuit

Generator injects power into the grid

 The Synchronous Machine (6)
Generator Heating Limits
 The Synchronous Machine (7)
Active power as a function of the power angel 
 The Synchronous Machine (8)
Example of a Loading Capability Curve