INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINE
SUBMITTED BY:
PRECIOUS MICAH L. CODAL
 CONTENTS
• Energy & Power Conversion of Units
• Air & Water Density & Specific Gravity
• API & Baume
• Hydrocarbon Family
• Fuels : Solid, Liquid, Gaseous, & Atomic fuels
• Fuel Analysis
• Stoichiometry
Energy Conversion of Units
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J
1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 1055 J
1 BTU = 252 cal
1 BTU = 1.055 kJ
1,000 kWh = 3.41 million BTU
Power Conversion of Units
1 horsepower (hp) = 745.7 watts (W)
1 hp = 0.746 kW
1 hp = 42.2 BTU/min
1 W = 1 J/sec
1 cal/sec = 4.19 watts
 WATER AIR

• Specific Gravity = 1 • Specific Gravity

• Density = 0.0013
= 1000 kg/m^3 • Density
= 62.4 lbm/ft^3 = 1.2 kg/m^3
= 0.075 lbm/ft^3
 API & Baume
• API ( American Petroleum Institute) gravity,
is a measure of how heavy or light
a petroleum liquid is compared to water. It is
mathematically dimensionless quantity (based
on its formula) however API is expressed in
degrees.
 API & Baume
• Baumé scale is an instrument used to measure
the density of a liquid. It is developed by
French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768.
 API & Baume
• API gravity is computation in order to acquire
the weight of a petroleum liquid while Baumé
scale is an instrument to get the density.
• The API gravity scale is based on errors in
early implementations of the Baumé scale.
• API gravity has no dimension however noted
in degrees while Baumé scale is expressed in
degrees Baumé or simply Baumé.
 Hydrocarbon
• A Hydrocarbon is a type of chemical compound. It is entirely
made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
1) Alkanes --- CnH2n + 2 9) Hexane --- C6H14

2) Methane --- CH4 10) Acetylene --- C2H2

3) Ethane --- C2H6 11) Heptane --- C7H16

12) Nonane --- C9H20
4) Propane --- C3H8
13) Octane --- C8H18
5) Butane --- C4H10
14) Octadecane--- C18H38
6) Pentane --- C5H12
15) Tetradecane --- C14H30
7) Cyclobutane--- C4H8
8) Methyl group --- CH3
 Common Elements

 C : Carbon : Atomic no : 12

 H : Hydrogen : Atomic no : 1

O : Oxygen : Atomic no : 16

 S : Sulfur : Atomic no : 32

 N : Nitrogen : Atomic no : 14
 FUELS
SOLID LIQUID GASEOUS ATOMIC

• Coal • Gasoline • Propane • Lithium

• Coke • Kerosene • Butane • Thorium
• Bagasse • Diesel • Acetylene • Plutonium
• Wood • LPG • Syngas • Uranium
• Peat • Biogas • Curium
• Solid fuel refers to various forms
of solid material that can be burnt to release
energy, providing heat and light through the
process of combustion.
• any type of solid material that can be used as
a fuel to produce energy and heating
 SOLID FUELS
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary
rock usually occurring in rock strata
Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content,
usually made from coal in layers or veins called coal beds or
coal seams
Bagasse - the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice
from sugar cane, used as fuel for electricity generators, etc.
Wood fuel (or fuelwood) is a fuel, such as firewood, charcoal,
chips, sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used
depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and
application.
Peat, also known as turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed
vegetation or organic matter.
SOLID FUELS
 LIQUID FUELS
• Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-
generating molecules that can be harnessed to
create mechanical energy, usually
producing kinetic energy; they also must take
the shape of their container.
 LIQUID FUELS
Gasoline is the most widely used liquid fuel. is a
transparent petroleum-derived liquid that is used
primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion
engines.
Kerosene is a flammable liquid which is used in many
industries and homes around the world as a fuel for
light, heat and power.
Diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of
aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. is any
liquid fuel used in diesel engines
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture
of propane and butane.
 FUEL GAS
Propane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but
compressible to a transportable liquid.
Butane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Acetylene is colorless gas widely used as a fuel and a chemical
building block.
Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting
primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often
some carbon dioxide.
Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas
can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green
waste or food waste.
 ATOMIC FUELS
Atomic fuel consists basically of a mixture of
fissionable and fertile materials. The essential
ingredient is a fissionable material, a material
that readily undergoes nuclear fission when
struck by neutrons.
 ATOMIC FUELS
Lithium - It's used in aircraft manufacture and in certain batteries.
Thorium is more abundant in nature than uranium. It is fertile rather than
fissile, and can only be used as a fuel in conjunction with a fissile material
such as recycled plutonium.
Plutonium - Reactor-grade plutonium/RGPu is the isotopic grade
of plutonium that is found in spent nuclear fuel after the primary fuel, that
of Uranium-235 that a nuclear power reactor uses, has burnt up.
Uranium - To make nuclear fuel from the uranium ore requires first for the
uranium to be extracted from the rock in which it is found, then enriched in
the uranium-235 isotope, before being made into pellets that are loaded into
assemblies of nuclear fuel rods.
Curium - Curium-244 is one of the most attractive radioactive heat source
materials. It scores high with respect to power density, availability, and
physical and chemical properties. It is expected to be less costly than 238
Pu which is presently used in aerospace isotopic power generators.
Cetane number is an indicator of the combustion speed
of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition. It
is an inverse of the similar octane rating for gasoline.
An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard
measure of the performance of an engine or aviation
fuel. The higher the octane number, the more
compression the fuel can withstand before detonating.

* Cetane number (diesel fuel) and octane number (gasoline) both measure the tendency
of the fuel to ignite spontaneously. both scales were developed so that higher
numbers represent higher quality for the respective use, high cetane number fuels
have low octane numbers, and vice versa. *
 FUEL ANALYSIS
• Proximate Analysis. A proximate analysis, as defined by
ASTM, is the determination by prescribed methods
of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (by difference)
and ash.
• Ultimate analysis, which is more comprehensive, is
dependent on quantitative analysis of various elements
present in the coal sample, such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Volumetric analysis is a widely-used
quantitative analytical method. As the name implies, this
method involves the measurement of volume of a solution
of known concentration which is used to determine the
concentration of the analyte
 HEATING VALUE OR ENERGY
VALUE OR CALORIFIC VALUE
 The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value)
of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by
combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) and
returning the temperature of the combustion products to
150°C, which assumes the latent heat of vaporization of
water in the reaction products is not recovered.
 The higher heating value (also known gross calorific value
or gross energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat
released by a specified quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is
combusted and the products have returned to a temperature
of 25°C, which takes into account the latent heat of
vaporization of water in the combustion products.
 STOICHIOMETRY
• Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and
products in chemical reactions.
• The stoichiometric mixture is usually specified
as the ratio of the mass of air to the mass of a
particular fuel.
• Stoichiometric condition. That condition at
which the proportion of the air-to-fuel is such that
all combustible products will be completely
burned with no oxygen remaining in the
combustion air.
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