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Coriolis effect
direction and
strength. The Coriolis
effect acts to deflect
the paths of winds or
ocean currents to the
8.7% 50N
right in the northern
hemisphere and to
the left in the
southern hemisphere
= 7.29x10-5 s-1 as viewed from the
Sin 50 = 0.087 starting point.
Surface Winds on an
Ideal Earth
Polar Cell
Ferrel Cell
• Depresi Tropis
- Kumpulan Thunderstorm lebih terorganisir
- Ada satu isobar tertutup
- Kecapatan angin antara 20-34 knot.
• Badai Tropis
- Sistem berotasi berlawanan jarum jam di BBU dan sebaliknya di BBS,
tetapi belum ada “MATA”
- Ada 2 (dua) isobar tertutup
- Kecapatan Angin antara 35-64 knot.
- Pada saat ini badai diberi nama.
• Siklon Tropis atau Hurricane atau Taifun
- Mata siklon sudah terbentuk
- Ada minimal 3 (tiga) isobar tertutup
- Kecepatan angin melebihi 64 knot (> 74 mph atau > 119 kmph)
Day + Nigh t
(a) Conceptual model of the main structural elements of tropical cyclones. Notice the (i)
boundary layer inflow, (ii) clear central eye, (iii) eyewall, (iv) cirrus shield, (v) rainbands,
and (vi) upper tropospheric outflow. (b) Close-up view of the boundary layer flow in a
tropical cyclone.
Schematic of the cross-section through a tropical
cyclone showing the vertical airflow and microphysics in
the eyewall and rainbands.
Visible satellite images of a mature tropical cyclone
showing the eye and eyewall. Notice that the eyewall
slopes outward from the surface, creating the "stadium
effect".
Season lengths and averages
Season Season Tropical
Basin Hurricanes Refs
Start end Storms
South-West [44][45]
1-Jul 30-Jun 9.3 5
Indian
Australian
1-Nov 30-Apr 11 [46]
region
Southern
1-Nov 30-Apr 7 4 [47]
Pacific
Global 1-Jan 31-Dec 86 46.9 [44]
Characteristics:
TD TS H/Ty
Saffir-Simpson
Maximum Sustained Wind Speed Expected Level
Hurricane
(VMAX; 1-minute average)b of Damage
Category
m s-1 km h-1 mph
1 33–42 119–153 74–95 Minimal
2 43–49 154–177 96–110 Moderate
3 50–58 178–208 111–129 Extensive
4 59–69 209–251 130–156 Extreme
5 70+ 252+ 157+ Catastrophic
Australian Region: Gust Wind Speed
Ranges for Tropical Cyclones
A tropical cyclone scale linking maximum gust (3–5 second, 10 meter) wind speeds to expected damage
in the maximum wind zone has been instituted in the Australian Region. As with the Saffir–Simpson scale,
the weakest tropical cyclones are designated as Category 1, with the strongest possible tropical cyclones
being assigned Category 5.
Table 8-2.2. Australian region Tropical Cyclone categories based on gust wind speed.
Category 2 or higher are referred to as Severe Tropical Cyclone.
Humbert
Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Ingrid Jerry Karen
o
2013
Sebastie
Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Tanya Van Wendy
n
Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle
2014
Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred
Claudett
Ana Bill Danny Erika Fred Grace Henri Ida Joaquin Kate
e
2015
Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda
Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl
2016
Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter
Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harvey Irma Jose Katia
2017
Lee Maria Nate Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney
Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk
2018
Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sara Tony Valerie William
Sources for tropical cyclone names.[1][2]
Additional Names From Indonesia
List A Anggrek Bakung Cempaka Dahlia Flamboyan Kenanga Lili Mawar Seroja Teratai
List B Anggur Belimbing Duku Jambu Lengkeng Mangga Nangka Pisang Rambutan Sawo
CYLONE NAME – AUSTRALIA REGION
Anika Billy Charlotte Dominic Ellie Freddy Gabrielle Herman Ilsa Jasper Kirrily
Lincoln Megan Neville Olga Paul Robyn Sean Tasha Vince Zelia ------
Anthony Bianca Carlos Dianne Errol Fina Grant Heidi Iggy Jasmine Koji
Lua Mitchell Narelle Oswald Peta Rusty Sandra Tim Victoria Zane ------
Alessia Bruce Christine Dylan Edna Fletcher Gillian Hadi Ita Jack Kate
Lam Marcia Nathan Olwyn Quang Raquel Stan Tatjana Uriah Yvette ------
Alfred Blanche Caleb Debbie Ernie Frances Greg Hilda Ira Joyce Kelvin
Linda Marcus Nora Owen Penny Riley Savannah Trevor Veronica Wallace ------
Ann Blake Claudia Damien Esther Ferdinand Gretel Harold Imogen Joshua Kimi
Lucas Marian Noah Odette Paddy Ruby Seth Tiffany Verdun ------ ------
Additional List From FIJI
Ana Bina Cody Dovi Eva Fili Gina Hagar Irene Judy Kerry Lola Mal
List A
Vaian Xavie
Nat Olof Pita Rae Shelia Tam Urmil Wati Yani Zita
u r
Arthur Becky Chip Denia Elisa Fotu Glen Hettie Innis Joni Ken Lin Mick
List B
Nisha Oli Pat Rene Sarah Tomas Ului Vania Wilma ------ Yasi Zaka
Atu Bune Cyril Daphne Evan Freda Garry Heley Ian June Kofi Lusi Mike
List C
Winsto
Nute Odile Pam Reuben Solo Tuni Ula Victor ------ Yalo Zena
n
Mon
Amos Bart Colin Donna Ella Frank Gita Hali Iris Jo Kala Leo
a
List D
Neil Oma Pami Rita Sarai Tino ------ Vicky Wiki ------ Yolande Zazu
Hurricane Archive
Damage
Year Storms Hurricanes Deaths (millions USD) Retired Names
2015 12 4 89 >590 2 - Erika, Joaquin
2014 9 6 17 232 0
2013 13 2 47 1,510 1 - Ingrid
2012 19 10 199 75,000+ 1 - Sandy
2011 19 7 100 21,000 1 - Irene
2010 21 12 287 12,356 2 - Igor, Tomas
2009 11 3 6 77 0
2008 16 8 761 24,945 3 - Gustav, Ike, Paloma
2007 15 6 341 50 3 - Dean, Felix, Noel
2006 10 5 5 500 0
5 - Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan,
2005 28 15 3,483 115,520 Wilma
Foto Satelit menampilkan ke-4 tahapan
pertumbuhan siklon tropis
Daniel
Animasi pergerakkan Siklon Tropis ketika mendekati garis pantai
Storm Surge datang 3-5 jam sebelum pusat badai menerpa pantai
Pantai curam
Pantai Landai
Miami, FL
Better Construction
• Improved construction techniques may help alleviate
some storm damage.
– Reinforcing seawalls
– Creating larger sand dunes and beaches
– Building housing on “stilts”
– Better tie-downs between the foundation and the
walls and between the walls and the roof.
• Not much will stop a 7 m storm surge.
Is This Better?
Prediction Difficulty
1. We still have difficulty predicting the
precise landfall of most hurricanes.
2. Some hurricanes can “loop.”
3. What if we evacuate and the hurricane
goes elsewhere -- the “Cry Wolf” problem.
4. False alarms are still high and many
people become apathetic.
– We see that here with tornado watches and
warnings!
Prediction Difficulty
Landsea 1996
North Atlantic Hurricane Season
Atlantic Triple Hurricane
Atlantic Records
Trenberth 2005
El Nino Index
Atlantic SST changes