Cell Theory

Cell Anatomy and Physiology

• Describe how continuous investigations and/or new scientific
information influenced the development of the cell theory.
• Recognize the contributions of scientists in the development of
the cell theory.
• Students will describe and/or explain the cell theory.
• Students will describe how continuous investigations and/or new
scientific information influenced the development of the cell
theory.
• Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated
(e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical
thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations).
• Students will explain the development of a theory. Students will
recognize the differences between theories and laws.
• Students will compare and/or contrast the
structures found in plant cells and in animal cells.
• They will also compare and/or contrast the
structures found in prokaryotic cells and in
eukaryotic cells.
• Students will describe how structures in cells are
directly related to their function in the cell, and
explain the role of the cell membrane during active
and passive transport.
Focus Standards
SC.912.L.14.1:
Describe the scientific theory of
cells (cell theory) and relate the
history of its discovery to the
process of science.
SC.912.L.14.3:
Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and
animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.2:
Relate structure to function for the components of plant and
animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly
selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.5
Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the
origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis)
VOCABULARY
Cell
cell theory
law
Theory
scanning electron microscope
compound light microscope
transmission electron
microscope
Dissecting microscope
VOCABULARY (continued)
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
cell wall cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm nucleus
nuclear envelope nucleolus
Chromatin ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum microtubules
Microfilaments vacuoles
Mitochondria Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts Lysosomes
Cilia Flagella
Hypotonic Hypertonic
Isotonic active transport
passive transport Diffusion
osmosis
 Cell Anatomy & Physiology

Cell Theory cell theory

All organisms are made up of 1 or more

cells
In organisms, the CELL is the basic unit
of structure and function
(The CELL is the basic unit of life)
All cells come from existing cells
 Technology and science
More technology = more scientific knowledge = more technology

More
More
Scientific
technology
knowledge

More
More
scientific
technology
knowledge
When scientists set out to test a hypothesis, it is often most
practical to try to prove the hypothesis false rather than to
prove it is true in all cases. Scientists place great
confidence in cell theory, yet it has not been tested in every
living thing on the planet. What piece of evidence would
cause scientists to decide that cell theory would need to be
revised?

(a) An organism was found with tissues made of

something other than cells.
(b) A cell was found that could continue to divide and
reproduce
(c) An animal cell was found that could harness solar
energy as plant cells do.
(d) Cells were found that used something other than DNA
as hereditary material.
•In the 1830s, Theodor Schwann showed that
the mature tissues of animals were traceable to
embryonic cells.
Which of the following statements of cell theory
does this provide evidence for?

(a) All living things are made from cells.

(b) Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism.
(c) All cells come from preexisting cells.
(d) Each cell has a specific design and purpose
According to cell theory, which of the following best
describes the role of cells in living organisms?

(a) Cells join together to form multicellular

organisms.
(b) Cells are the basic operating units of living
organisms.
(c) Cells make up the soft portions of tissues in
living organisms.
(d) Cells are responsible for coordinating
activities in multicellular organisms.
 Microscopic exam
Light microscope = light passes through lens to maginfy object

Resolution = ability to distinguish between two points clearly

review different microscopes: Florida: HS science:
Biology 2012: Animated biology Chapter 1

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_12_fl/get_chapter_group.htm?cin=
1&ci=1&rg=animated_biology&at=animated_biology&npos=1&spos=1&var
=animated_biology

TEM = transmission electron

microscope
= electrons bounce off
internal structures

SEM = scanning electron

microscope
= electrons bounce off
to give 3D image
•In the 1600s, advances in microscopy led to the
• development of cell theory.
•Which of the following statements is
part of the cell theory?

(a) All cells require water and oxygen to survive.

(b) All living things are made of one or more cells.
(c) All cells have organelles with specialized functions
(d) All living things rely on several different types of
cells
 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Simple and small Complex with a division of
labor among organelles
Single cell only Uni- or multicellular
No membrane organelles Membrane bound organelles
= No nucleus with DNA in a nucleus

bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue- All other organisms

green algae)

Domain Eubacteria and Domain Eukarya

Archaea

prokaryotic versus eukaryotic song

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfzVWG2DnQ4&nohtml5=False
Cell
Click this link for an
interactive
Walk through the cell
•Which statement correctly explains a difference
between the cells of prokaryotes and the cells of
eukaryotes?

(a) Eukaryotic cells reproduce using DNA;

prokaryotic cells use RNA only to reproduce.
(b) Eukaryotic cells have fewer distinct parts than
prokaryotic cells because they are less evolved.
(c) Eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls or
vacuoles; prokaryotic cells have both of these
features.
(d) Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles; prokaryotic cells lack these
 Non membrane organelles

Will be found in prokaryotes AND eukaryotes

 Cell membrane

 Cell wall (plants, bacteria and fungi only)

 Flagella / cilia

 Cytoplasm

 Cytoskeleton

 Ribosomes
 Cell membrane

AKA plasma membrane

semi permeable membrane that
separates inside from outside of the cell

Made of phospholipid bilayer

Phosphorus heads =
hydrophyllic ( water loving)
Lipid tails =
hydrophobic (water fearing)
Special protein allow large OR charged particles to pass into/ out of cell
cell membrane cell membrane and proteins
•Cell membranes are primarily composed of a
double layer of phospholipids. Why are
phospholipids particularly well suited to serving as
membranes?

(a) They can be used to metabolize starches.

(b) They create a selectively permeable
membrane.
(c) They can work together to perform
chemiosmosis.
(d) They form a membrane that is impermeable to
chemicals.
 Cell membrane
Diffusion = movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration ( [ ]   [ ] )

Diffusion = the Normal

movement
of particles in nature

Small, uncharged particles

move into/out of cell membrane
via diffusion
 Cell membrane
Special proteins allow large OR charged particles to pass into/ out of cell
Passive Active
NO energy required Requires ATP energy
Moves WITH the Moves AGAINST the
concentration gradient concentration
Facilitated (uses membrane Facilitated (uses membrane
bound proteins) bound proteins)
Large and charged particles Large and charged particles

active and passive transport

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1636lRv2uGE&nohtml5=False
Which of the following best explains the
difference between passive and active
transport within cell membranes?
(a) Passive transport does not require chemical energy to
occur; active transport requires energy, such as ATP.
(b) Passive transport happens only in the presence of water,
while active transport does not require water to
occur.
(c) Passive transport moves larger substances through the
cell membrane; smaller molecules must move by
active transport.
(d) Passive transport allows whole particles to move through
the membrane, while active transport breaks
particles down before they can pass through.
 osmosis

how osmosis works

Osmosis = diffusion of WATER through semipermeable membrane

Hypertonic solution
Solution has higher concentration of solutes
Water diffuses out of cell

Hypotonic solution
Solution has lower concentration of solutes

Water diffuses into cell

  Rigid carbohydrate surrounding cell
membranes in plants, fungi and bacteria
 Helps cell keep it shape
Cell wall  Plants = cellulose
 Fungi = chitin
 Bacteria = proteogylcan
Flagella / Cilia
 Complex of microtubules (proteins)
capable of movement

 Extend OUTSIDE of cell

 Flagella = tail like structure for

locomotion
may have 1 or 2

 Cilia = short hair like structures

numerous (maybe for feeding)
or may cover entire body for l
locomotion
Cytoplasm

Semifluid, gel like substance between the cell membrane and nucleus

Primarily water with organic molecules

All organelles in the cytoplasm

 Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers throughout the cytoplasm

Includes microtubules and actin

Functions to: Help cell maintain shape

Aid in transport

Anchor organelles

Thought to form spindle fibers in mitosis

centrioles

Found in animal cells

Form spindle fibers during cell division

More to follow
 Ribosomes

Protein complex found throughout cytoplasm

Also found attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotes only)

Work with RNA to synthesize proteins

More detailed info to follow

 Eukaryotic Cells
ALSO have MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

plant and animal cells

cell organization

eukaryotic cell structures

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_12_fl/reso
urces/htmls/animated_biology/unit2/bio_ch03_007
4_ab_organelle.html
Which of the following structures would
be present in a plant cell, but not in an
animal cell?

(a) nucleus, mitochondria,c hloroplasts

(b) chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole
(c)Cellwall,mitochondria,Golgi apparatus
(d) central vacuole,Golgi apparatus,
nucleus
 MEMBRANE ORGANELLES
Nucleus
In EUKARYOTES ONLY nucleus

Nucleus Located near center of cell

Contains chromosomes (DNA and special proteins)
DNA holds genetic instructions for cells function

Nuclear envelope = phospohlipid bilayer

Nuclear pores = selectively allow RNA, proteins to pass

into/out of nucleus
Nucleolus = dark staining area in nucleolus with
high concentration of RNA (transcription)
Endoplasmic Reticulum

AKA: ER
Network of folded membranes near nucleus
(phospholipid bilayer)

Rough ER Smooth ER
Surface covered with No ribosomes
ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins Synthesizes lipids

Products from ER ‘bud off’ and migrate to Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus

Network of folded membranes golgi apparatus

(phospholipid bilayer)

Products from ER are modified, marked and packaged for transport

May be transported for use inside cell OR outside cell

Export outside of via exocytosis

ENDOcytosis and EXOcytosis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnePocfJqWk
 Vacuoles
Membrane bound compartments with different functions
(phospholipid bilayer)

Plants contain large central vacuole (tonoplast)

Stores nutrients, waste, water
Water pressure helps plant cells maintain shape

Lysosomes lysosome
In animal cells
With digestive enzymes to breakdown and recycle cell parts
May ingest and breakdown bacteria via endocytosis

Peroxisomes May convert fats to carbohydrates

Converts H2O2 to H2O
Which of the following statements correctly explains the
role of lysosomes within a cell?

(a) The lysosome prepares fats and lipids for transport

throughout the cell by sorting and encasing them.
(b) The lysosome uses oxygen to convert sugar into chemical
energy and also controls the metabolism of the cell.
(c) The lysosome breaks down molecules that are not
needed within the cell and returns some of the products
of digestion to the cell for later use.
(d) The lysosome isolates water and other molecular
compounds and stores them so they can be used later by
the cell, or expels them as waste products.
paramecium contractile vacuole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc
 Mitochondria
Double layer membrane organelle in cytoplasm
Where chemical process of converting ‘food’ to energy takes place

Process called CELULAR RESPIRATION

Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP energy
Contain own DNA so able to replicate themselves

mitochondrion
 Chloroplast
Membrane organelle in plant cells with pigment CHLOROPHYLL

Site where plants take energy from sun and

convert into chemical bonds of glucose

Process called PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Sun energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Contain their own DNA so they can replicate themselves

chloroplasts
Endosymbiotic Theory
One prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote

They live in a symbiotic relationship

Evidence =
chloroplasts and mitochondria

are similar to prokaryotes (bacteria)

with their own circular DNA separate fro the nucleus

Reproduce like bacteria using binary fission

independent from the cell
cell quick review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
RECOMMENDED VIDEOS
prokaryotes versus eukaryotes plant cells versus animal cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruBAHiij4EA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eHzdj69O6M

A tour of the cell inner life of a cell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z9pqST72is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk

Cellular Organelles Cell Membrane TED talks

https://ed.ted.com/lessons/cell-membranes-are-way-more-complicated-than-you-think-nazzy-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aczbMlSMr8U pakpour#review

cell membrane Bozeman cell membrane

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y31DlJ6uGgE https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/cell-membrane--4

cell membrane Crash Course: In Da Club

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4

cell membrane transport

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter6/animations.html
Learning Goal
Students will be able to:
• Understand why the discovery of the
scientific theory of cells has impacted
the process of science.

Sample Essential Questions

• How does a scientific concept become a
scientific theory?
• What is the difference between a theory
and a law?
• Why is the cell theory important?
Learning Goal
Students will be able to:
• Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and
animal cells and identify how their structures relate to
function.
• Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells and identify how their structures relate to
function.

Sample Essential Questions

• What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes and how do they differ?
• How do plant and animal cells differ?
• How does the cell membrane (plasma membrane) control
what goes in and out of a cell?
• What is the difference between passive and active transport?
• How do hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions
determine the movement of molecules?