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 Course objective
 What is CPT?
 Benefits of properly implemented CP
 How CP can be applied in practice?
 What is not CP?
 Cleaner Production Procedures
 Course Outline
 Books
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
 PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
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Dilute & disperse

For many centuries in many

areas dilute & disperse has
seemed to be adequate to make
waste disappear to the air, to
land and to water ("the solution
to pollution is dilution"). This
depends on the assimilative
capacity of nature and is still
being carried out and argued for.
 REACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
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End-of-pipe approaches

“Treatment of waste after it has

been generated.” ‘End of pipe’ technology term
refers to the technical measures for
reactive environmental protection
such as filtering plants, wastewater
treatment plants etc., which serve
to contain emissions and other
polluting substances which have
already occurred or arisen, or to
render them controllable or
disposable.
 REACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
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On - site recycling

“Recycle waste in the

same process”
 PROACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES:
CLEANER PRODUCTION
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Prevention of Waste generation:

- Good housekeeping
- Input substitution
- Better process control
- Equipment modification
- Technology change
- On-site recovery/reuse
- Production of a useful by-product
- Product modification
 CLEANER PRODUCTION DEFINITION
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“The continuous application of an

integrated preventive environmental
strategy applied to processes,
products, and services to increase
overall efficiency and reduce risks to
humans and the environment.”
 CLEANER PRODUCTION DEFINITION
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Continuous Products Processes

Humans

Preventive STRATEGY for Risk Reduction

Integrated Services Environment

 PROPERLY IMPLEMENTED CP:
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Always
 reduces long-term liabilities which
companies can face many years after
pollution has been generated or disposed
at a given site
 PROPERLY IMPLEMENTED CP :
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Usually
 increases profitability
 lowers production cost
 results in improved product quality
 increases staff motivation
 reduces the risk of environmental accidents
 PROPERLY IMPLEMENTED CP :
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Often
 is fast and easy to implement
 requires little capital investment
 HOW CP COULD BE APPLIED IN
PRACTICE?
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 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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1. Good housekeeping

Take appropriate managerial and operational

actions to prevent:
- Leaks
- Spills
Spills and leaks can be minimized by more stringent operator
control, switching to automation, minimizing the quantities
handled at a point and a vigilant preventive maintenance
program.
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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2. Input substitution

Substitute input materials

- by less toxic
- or by adjunct materials which
have a longer service life-time in
production
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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3. Better process control

modify:
- operational procedures
- equipment instructions
and process record keeping in order
to run the processes more efficiently
and at lower waste and emission
generation rates
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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4. Equipment modification

modify the existing production

equipment and utilities in order
to:
-run the processes at higher
efficiency
-lower waste and emission
generation rates
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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5. Technology change

replacement of:
- the technology
- processing sequence
- synthesis pathway
in order to minimise waste
and emission generation
during production
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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6. On-site recovery

- reuse of the wasted materials in

the same process for another
useful application within the
company
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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7. Production of a useful by-product

consider transforming waste into

a useful by-product, to be sold
as input for companies in
different business sectors.
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PRACTICES
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8. Product modification

modify the product characteristics

in order:
- to minimise the environmental
impacts of the product during or
after its use (disposal)
- to minimise the environmental
impacts of its production
 WHAT IS NOT CP?
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 Transferring hazardous wastes

 Waste treatment

 Concentrating hazardous or
toxic constituents to reduce
volume

 Diluting constituents to reduce

hazard or toxicity
 CLEANER PRODUCTION PROCEDURES
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The recognized need

to minimise waste

The first step Planning and

Organization

The second Assessment

step Phase

Feasibility Analysis
The third step
Phase

The fourth step Implementation

Successfully implemented CP projects

 1. PLANNING & ORGANIZATION
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 Obtain management commitment

 Identify potential barriers and

solutions

 Set plant-wide goals

 Organize a project team

 2. ASSESSMENT
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 Identify sources

 Identify waste/ pollution

causes

 Generate possible options

 CP ASSESSMENT PRACTICES
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Good Input Better Process

Housekeeping Substitution Control

Equipment
Modification
Process Technology
Change

On-site Production of
Recovery/ Product
Useful Modification
Reuse By-Product
 3. FEASIBILITY STUDIES
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 Preliminary evaluation
 Technical evaluation
 Economic evaluation
 Environmental evaluation
 Selection of feasible options
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4. IMPLEMENTATION & CONTINUATION

 Prepare a CP plan
 Implement feasible CP measures
 Monitor CP progress
 Sustain Cleaner Production
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Thank you