MOM Chapter 06 New-Edited

Chapter Objectives (Section 6.1 ~ 6.
5)
 Determine the internal moment at a section of a beam
 Determine the stress in a beam member caused by
bending
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Shear and moment diagrams
4. Graphical method for construction of shear and
bending moment diagrams
5. Flexural formula
6. Unsymmetrical bending
7. Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) Provided that the bending formation of a

straight member is small and within elastic
range. Which of the following statements is
incorrect?
a) Plane section remains plane|
b) Cross section remains perpendicular
c) The length of the longitudinal axis remains unchanged
d) In-plane distortion of cross section is to the longitudinal axis

not negligible

READING QUIZ (cont)
2) Which of the following statements is

incorrect for bending of a straight member?
a) Bending stress is proportional to
b) Bending stress is inversely proportional
c) Bending stress is inversely the moment proportional to the

moment of inertia of the section
d) Bending stress is not a function to the second moment of

area of the section of the location

APPLICATIONS

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
• Shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to the
beam’s axis up to the end of the segment.
• Moment is obtained by summing moments about the end

of the segment.
• Note the sign conventions are

opposite when the summing
processes are carried out with
opposite direction.
(from left to right vs from right to left)

EXAMPLE 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 6–4a.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
The support reactions are shown in Fig. 6–4c.
Applying the two equations of equilibrium yields
wL
   Fy  0;  wx  V  0
2
L 
V  w  x  1
2 
 wL   x
  M  0;   x  wx    M  0
 2  2
 w

M    Lx  x 2  2
2

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
The point of zero shear can be found from Eq. 1:
L 
V  w  x   0
2 
L
x
2
From the moment diagram, this value of x represents the point on the
beam where the maximum moment occurs.
w  L   L   wL2
 2
M max   L      
2   2   2   8

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of distributed load:
Change in shear = area under distributed

loading
V    wx dx
Change in moment = area under shear

diagram
M   V  x dx

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of concentrated force and moment:
V  F  V  V   0
V   F
M  M  M 0  Vx  M  0
M  M 0

EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 6–12a.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• The reactions are shown on the
free-body diagram in Fig. 6–12b.
• The shear at each end is plotted first,

Fig. 6–12c. Since there is no
distributed load on the beam,
the shear diagram has zero slope
and is therefore a horizontal line.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment is zero at each end,
Fig. 6–12d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M0/2L since this is the shear in the
beam at each point. Note that the
couple moment causes a jump in the
moment diagram at the beam’s
center, but it does not affect the
shear diagram at this point.

EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown in Figs. 6–13a and 6–14a.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions

BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible

FLEXURAL FORMULA
Assumptions:
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hooke’s Law Applies;
i.e. σ=E.є
My
 
I
M R Z   M Z ;
y 
M   ydF   y dA   y  max dA
A A
c 
 max
c A
M y 2 dA
Mc
 max 
I
My
 
I

EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–26b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m,
occurs at the center.
• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the

centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6–26b.

I   I  Ad 2 

 2 121 0.250.02  0.250.020.16 
3 2
 1
12
0.020.33 
 301.310 6  m 4
Mc 22.5103 0.17 
 max   max   12.7 MPa (Ans)
301.310 6 
;
I

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6–26d.
My 22.5103 0.15
• At point B, B   B ; B    11.2 MPa
I 301.3106 

UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING
Moment applied along principal axis
FR   Fx ; 0    dA
A
M R y   M y ; 0   z dA
A
M R Z  MZ; 0    y dA
A
If y and z are the principal axes. ∫ yz dA = 0

(The integral is called the product of inertia)
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING (cont.)
• Moment arbitrarily applied
Mz y M yz
= +   
Iz Iy
• Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of

which one is the neutral axis)
Iz
• Orientation of neutral axis: tan   tan 
Iy
= +

EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 6–33a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kN.m. Determine the normal stress developed at
each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.

EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where
My  
4
12  9.60 kN  m
5
Mz 
3
12  7.20 kN  m
5
• The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are
Iy 
1
12
0.40.23  0.2667 103 m 4  
1
12
3

I z  0.20.4   1.067 10 3 m 4 

EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• For bending stress,
Mz y Mzz
  
Iz Iy
B  
  
 
7.2 103 0.2   9.6 103  0.1
 2.25 MPa (Ans)
 
1.067 10 3  
0.2667 10 3
7.210 0.2   9.610 0.1
3 3
C    4.95 MPa (Ans)
1.06710  0.266710 
3 3
7.210  0.2   9.610 0.1

3 3
D    2.25 MPa (Ans)
1.06710 3
0.266710  3
7.210  0.2   9.610  0.1

3 3
E    4.95 MPa (Ans)

1.067 10 3
 
0.2667 10  3
• The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched

using these values, Fig. 6–33b.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 6–33b,
can be established by proportion.
2.25 4.95
  z  0.0625 m
z 0.2  z 
• We can also establish the orientation
of the NA using Eq. 6–19, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
Iz
tan   tan 
Iy
1.06710 3 
tan   tan  53.1    79.4 (Ans)
0.266710 
3

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statements is true?
The flexure formula for a straight member can be applied

only
a) when bending occurs about axes that represent the

principal axes of inertia for the section.
b) the principal axes have their origin at the centroid.
c) the principal axes are orientated along an axis of
symmetry, if there is one, and perpendicular to it.
d) all of the above.

Chapter Objectives (Section 6.6 ~ 6.11)
 Determine stresses in composite beams
 Determine stresses in curved beams
 Determine maximum stresses in beams due to stress
concentrations
 Determine the moment resistance of a beam in
inelastic bending
 Determine residual stress developed in the beam
In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Composite Beams
4. Curved Beams
5. Stress Concentrations
6. Inelastic Bending
7. Concept Quiz

READING QUIZ
1) Which of the following statements is

not true?
The differences between the flexure formula for a curved beam from
that for a straight beam are:
a) The normal strain in a curved beam does not vary linearly with
depth
b) The neutral axis in a curved beam does not pass through the
centroid of the cross section
c) Plane section remains plane
d) In-plane distortion within cross section cannot be ignored

APPLICATIONS

COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Transformed homogeneous beam obtained through a
transformation factor:
E1
n
E2
and
dF  dA   ' dA'
dzdy   ' ndzdy
  n '

EXAMPLE 1
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a
steel strap located on its bottom side. It has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–38a. If the beam is subjected
to a bending moment of 2 kN.m, determine the normal stress
at points B and C. Take Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.
bst  nbw 
12
150  9 mm
200
• The transformed section is as shown.
• The location of the centroid

(neutral axis),
y
 y A 0.010.020.150  0.0950.0090.15
  0.03638 m
A 0.020.15  0.0090.15

EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is
1 2
I NA   0.150.02  0.150.020.03638  0.01 
3
12 
1 2
  0.0090.15  0.0090.150.095  00.03638 
3
12 

 9.358 10 6 m 4 
• Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B’ and C is
20.17  0.03638
   28.6 MPa
B'
9.358 106  
200.03638
C   27.87 MPa (Ans)

9.358 10 6

• The normal stress in the wood at B is
 B  n B ' 
12
28.56  1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
EXAMPLE 2
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area
as shown. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M 60
kN•m, determine the normal stress in each of the steel
reinforcing rods and the maximum normal stress in the
concrete. Take Est = 200 GPa and Econc = 25 GPa.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• The total area of steel is  2

Ast  2  12.5  982 mm 2 , thus
200103 
A'  nAst  982  7856 mm 2
2510 
3
• We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis.

 ~y A  0
300h'  7856400  h'  0
h'
2
h'2 52.37h'20949.33  0  h'  120.90 mm
• The moment of inertia of the transformed section is

computed about the neutral axis,
1  120.9 
2

I   300120.9  300120.9   7856400  120.9   788.67 10 mm
3 2 6 4
12  2  
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• Applying the flexure formula to the transformed section, the
maximum normal stress in the concrete is
601000120.91000
 conc max   9.20 MPa (Ans)
788.67 106
60100010001000400  120.9
 'conc   21.23 MPa
788.67 10 6
• The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is

therefore
 200 103
 st  n 'conc  
 21.23  169.84 MPa (Ans)
 25 10  
3

CURVED BEAMS
Assumptions:
a) Cross-sectional area is constant and has an axis of
symmetry that is perpendicular to the direction of the
applied moment.
b) Material is homogeneous and isotropic, and it behaves in
a linear-elastic manner
c) Cross sectional plane remains plane
d) In-plane distortion of cross section is negligible
Note:
1. The normal strain does not varies linearly with depth as in
a straight beam
2. The neutral axis does not pass through the centroid of the
cross section

CURVED BEAMS (Cont.)

CURVED BEAMS (Cont.)
• Neutral axis:
A
R
dA
A r
• Stress:
M R  r 


Ar r  R 
My

Ar R  y 

EXAMPLE 3
The curved bar has a cross-sectional area as shown. If it is
subjected to bending moments of 4 kNm, determine the
maximum normal stress developed in the bar.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• Since this moment tends to decrease the bar’s radius of
curvature, it is negative. Total cross-sectional area is
 A  0.05 
2 1
2

0.050.03  3.25 103 m 2 
• The location of the centroid is determined with reference to

the center of curvature, point 0’,
r
 ~
rA
 0.23308 m
A

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• For the rectangle,
dA  0.25 
A r  0.05 ln
 0.2
  0.11157 m

• For the triangle,

dA 0.050.28  0.28 
A r  0.28  0.25  ln 0.28   0.05  0.0028867 m
• Thus the location of the neutral axis is determined from
A  3.2510  3
R  0.23142 m
  dA / r 0.011157  0.0028867
A

EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• Applying the curved-beam formula to calculate the normal
stress at B,
M R  rB   40.23142  0.2  116 MPa
B  
ArB r  R  3.2510 3 0.2 0.00166
M R  rB   40.23142  0.280  129 MPa (Ans)
A  
ArA r  R  3.2510 3 0.2800.00166

STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
• Stress concentrations occur at locations where cross
section suddenly changes; e.g.
Mc
 max K
I

EXAMPLE 4
The transition in the cross-sectional area of the steel bar is
achieved using shoulder fillets. If the bar is subjected to a
bending moment of 5 kNm, determine the maximum normal
stress developed in the steel. The yield stress is σY = 500
MPa

EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• From the geometry of the bar,
r 16 w 120
  0.2   1.5
h 80 h 80
• Thus K is 1.45 and we have
 max  K
Mc
 1.45
50.04  340 MPa
1 3
I
12 0 .02 0. 08  
• This result indicates that the steel remains elastic since the
stress is below the yield stress (500 MPa).

INELASTIC BENDING
• Maximum elastic moment resistance
2 h 2 h
M y  C   T  
3 2 3 2
1  2  h
 2 bh y  
4  3  2
1
 bh 2 y
6
Mp
Shape Factor : k 
My

INELASTIC BENDING (Cont.)
• Plastic Moment Resistance
1
M p  bh 2 y
4

EXAMPLE 5
The steel wide-flange beam is subjected to a fully plastic
moment of Mp. If this moment is removed, determine the
residual-stress distribution in the beam. The material is
elastic perfectly plastic and has a yield stress of σY = 250
MPa.

EXAMPLE 5 (cont.)
Solutions
• From calculations, we have I  82.44 106 mm 4
• Thus,
 max 
Mc
;  allow 
188 10 125  285.1 N/mm
6
2
 285.1 MPa
I 82.44 10 6
• As expected,  r  2 Y the point of zero normal stress was

determined by proportion;
281.51 2501
  y  109.61 mm
125 y

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statements is true?
a) The shape factor for a rectangular cross section is

always equals to 1.5
b) The shape factor for an I-section is often less than
1.5
c) The modulus of rupture for bending of a beam is
always equals to 1.5 times of yield stress
d) The modulus of rupture is not the same as the
Young’s Modulus

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Chapter Objectives (Section 6.1 ~ 6.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) Provided that the bending formation of a

a) Plane section remains plane|

b) Cross section remains perpendicular

c) The length of the longitudinal axis remains unchanged

d) In-plane distortion of cross section is to the longitudinal axis

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2) Which of the following statements is

a) Bending stress is proportional to

b) Bending stress is inversely proportional

c) Bending stress is inversely the moment proportional to the

d) Bending stress is not a function to the second moment of

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Moment is obtained by summing moments about the end

• Note the sign conventions are

(from left to right vs from right to left)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Regions of distributed load:

Change in shear = area under distributed

Change in moment = area under shear

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The shear at each end is plotted first,

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Moment applied along principal axis

If y and z are the principal axes. ∫ yz dA = 0

• Moment arbitrarily applied

• Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

7.210  0.2   9.610 0.1

7.210  0.2   9.610  0.1

• The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) Which of the following statements is true?

The flexure formula for a straight member can be applied

a) when bending occurs about axes that represent the

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) Which of the following statements is

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The transformed section is as shown.

• The location of the centroid