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APPLIED
LINGUISTICS
THE NATURE OF RESEARCH
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
➢ Research is the formal, systematic application of
the scientific method to the study of the problem
(Gay et al, 2011)
➢ A process of steps used to collect and analyse
information to increase of our understanding of a
topic or issues (Creswell, 2010)
➢ The scientific study of systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigation of expected
hypothesis about the relationship between
natural phenomena (Keylinger, 2002).
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RESEARCH
PARADIGMS
Simply a belief system (or
theory) that guides the way we
do things, or more normally
establishes a set of practices.
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How things really are?
What is the reality?
Ontology
How do we know the
reality?
RESEARCH PARADIGM
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A basic Set of Beliefs that Guide Actions
Source: Guba (1990) as cited in Refnaldi (2016) p. 9.11
Post-Positivism Constructivism
• Determination • Understanding
• Reductionism • Multiple participant meanings
• Empirical observation and measurement • Social and historical construction
• Theory verification • Theory generation
Advocacy/Participatory Pragmatism
• Political empowerment • Consequences of actions
• Issue-oriented • Problem-centered
• Collaborative • Pluralistics
• Change-oriented • Real-world practice oriented
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How does research differ?
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Ferry, 2011)
Exploratory
Basic Quantitative
Applied
Qualitative
Confirmatory
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BASIC & APPLIED RESEARCH
Basic Applied
Basic Applied
Basic Applied
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QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Qualitative
Quantitative Qualitative
Quantitative Qualitative
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EXPLORATORY & CONFIRMATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory Confirmatory
Exploratory Confirmatory
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“
QUANTITATIVE
&
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
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“
➢ Quantitative Research
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Definition
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Main Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Using a number : the single most important feature of quantitative research is, naturally
that is centered around numbers
A priori categorization: because the use of numbers already dominates the data collection
phase, the work requires specifying the categories and values needed to be done prior to
the actual study
Variable rather than cases : quantitative is centered on the study of variables that capture
these common features and which are quantified by counting, scaling or by assigning
values categorical data.
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Statistics and the language of statistics: the close link of quantitative research
and statistics, much of the statistical terminology has become part of the
quantitative vocabulary.
Quest for generalizability and universal laws numbers: the general quantitative
aspiration is to eliminate any individual-based subjectivity from the various
phase of the research process by developing systematic canons and rules for
every face of data collection and analysis.
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RESEARCH DESIGN TYPE
1. Survey Research
Is gather data on the characteristics and view informants about the nature of language or
language learning through the use of oral interviews or written questioners (Brown,2001).
Five types of questions that can be used in a survey according to Rosset and Brown, 2001)
1. Problem
2. Priorities
3. Abilities
4. Attitudes
5. Solution
Question Example : What kinds of problems do have in reading a research article? (Problem)
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Correlational ( Associational) Research
Analysis: the study was set up so that the relationship between these variable could be
examined
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is a type of quantitative research in which the experimenters manipulate
certain stimuli, treatments, or environmental conditions and observe how the
condition or behavior of the subject is affected or changed.
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Strength and Weakness of Quantitative Research
Strength Weakness
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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What is Qualitative Research?
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Qualitative Research’s Characteristics
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“
TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
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1. CASE STUDY
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THE CHARACTERISTICS
• Typically longitudinal
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2. ETHNOGRAPHY
What is Ethnography?
Ethnographic approaches are particularly valuable when not enough is known about a context or
situation (Mackay & Gass, 2005)
The term ethnography refers to both the product-the presentation of the final analysis and
interpretation of the completed study and the research process itself (Heigham & Sakui, 2009)
Ethnography as studying people in the location where they live and providing a description of their
social life and values, beliefs, and behaviours using qualitative methodologies such as observations,
unstructured interviews, and review and analysis of documents (Bowling, 1997).
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SO, WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY SIMPLY MEANS?
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THE CHARACTERISTICS
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3. NARRATIVE INQUIRY
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THE CHARACTERISTICS
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WHY NARRATIVE RESEARCH?
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HOW TO DIFFER THOSE THREE RESEARCH DESIGN?
Design Focus
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ACTION RESEARCH
Meredith & A form of applied research whose primary purpose is to increase the quality,
Joyce 2007 impact, and justice of education professionals'’ practice.
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ACTION RESEARCH’ S CYCLE
Select a Collect
Focus Data
Analyse
Continue &
/ Modify Interpret
Data
Take
Reflect
Action
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