Physics: 1 of 20 1 of 44

Physics
Heat
1 of 20
44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
2004
What is heat?
Heat is a type of energy because it can make things move
Heat energy is measured in joules (J)
How many joules are there in a kilojoule (kJ)?
If something gains heat energy, it becomes hotter

– particles move more!
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Temperature and energy
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases?
Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
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What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (ºC).
Temperature can be measured using a thermometer.
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Measuring the temperature of different
substances
Substance Temperature
Yogurt from fridge
Sand
My hand
Water from the tap
A cup of coffee
Boiling water
Melting ice
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6000 0C
0 0C
- 22 0C
40 0C
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Heat energy will always flow from an area of high
temperature to an area of lower temperature
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Energy and temperature
Which direction is the heat flowing in the examples below?
What is the rule that tells you the direction heat will move?
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How would putting a coat on this
snowman effect how quickly he’ll melt?
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What happens to solids when they
are heated?
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Solids expand when heated and contract when cooled
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What happens to liquids when they
are heated?
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The results
Liquids expand whenof the experiment…
heated and contract when cooled
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Investigating what happens to gases when they are
heated and cooled..
1. Heat the gas inside the

round bottomed flask
2. What do you observe?
3. Allow the gas to cool
again.
4. What do you observe?
Gases expand when heated and contract when

cooled
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Water expands when frozen – an exception
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States of matter and temperature
Water can be a solid, liquid or gas.
 At a cold enough temperature, even substances that

are normally gases will become solid.
 At higher temperatures, solids change to become

liquids or gases – as long as they don’t catch fire or
decompose first.
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Changes of state
Each change of state is given a different name:
melting boiling
solid liquid gas
freezing condensing
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How does pressure effect the boiling point of a liquid
1. Get some hot water in a

beaker and measure the
temperature
2. Pull the water into the syringe.
3. Keep the syringe closed, and
pull the handle back to
decrease the pressure.
4. What happens to the water
Results?
Conclusions?
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Changes of state activity
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What happens to the temperature of a
substance as it changes state?
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Results – the cooling curve for napthelene
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Changes of state – cooling curve activity
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Changes of state – heating curve
boiling 
liquid  gas
melting  condensing
solid  liquid
freezing
time
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Latent heat is the heat change that happens
when a substance changes state
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Heat transfer
Heat energy can be transferred (moved) by three processes:

1. conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.
HOT COLD
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1. Conduction
• Conduction is when heat energy is passed

along a material without the particles
moving position.
• Heat energy is only passed on by

neighbouring particles vibrating.
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Movement of heat by conduction
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Conduction experiment
 Add a blob of wax to one end of the

copper and hold the other end in the
yellow Bunsen flame.
 How long does it take for the wax to
melt and drop off the metal strip?
 Now do the same for wood.
 Why are the times very different?
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Conduction in metals
Metals are good conductors of heat because:

 Metals have atoms inside them and lots of
free electrons.
 The free electrons can move around
and vibrate.
 The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring
particles vibrating along the metal.
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Conduction in non-metals
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat.
In a non-metal, heat energy is only passed on by neighbouring
particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons).
This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.
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Conduction – compare a metal and a non-metal
Which material feels warmer if you touch a piece of wood

and a piece copper metal, both at room temperature
(i.e. both at 25ºC)?
The wood feels warmer because it is a poor conductor.

It cannot conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as
the copper which is a good conductor.
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Todays objectives
• To investigate conduction in liquids and

gases
Homework
Write up todays experiment in your notes
copy
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Conduction in liquids
Are liquids good at conducting heat?
 Use a weight to hold an ice

cube at the bottom of a tube 100ºC
of water.
 Carefully heat the water at
the top of the tube only,
until this water is boiling. 0ºC
 If the liquid is good at
conducting, the ice should
quickly melt
Liquids (like water) are poor conductors of heat
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Conduction in gases
Are gases good at conducting heat?
 Carefully hold a safety match

1 cm away from a Bunsen
burner flame.
 If a gas is a good conductor, the

air between the flame and the
match should conduct heat and
light the match
 Gases are poor conductors of heat
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Are gases good at conducting heat?
 Carefully hold a safety match

1 cm away from a Bunsen
burner flame.
 If a gas is a good conductor, the

air between the flame and the
match should conduct heat and
light the match – it doesn’t!!!
 Gases are poor conductors of heat
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Convection
• Convection is when heat energy is passed

along a material by the particles moving
and changing position.
• What types of materials do you think

convection happens in?
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how do convection currents flow in a liquid?
This cycle is called a
convection current.
heat heat
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Convection current in a liquid
The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen using
potassium permanganate as a dye:
This cycle is called a
convection current.
heat heat
Can you explain how the convection current moves using
the idea of density?
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Convection currents in a pan of boiling water
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Convection current in a gas
What happens?
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Convection currents in coal mines
When shaft mining was first used to mine coal,
convection currents caused by an underground fire
were used to ventilate the shafts:
Why do you think miners don’t use this method anymore?
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Radiation
Radiation is when heat can move by travelling as

waves..
:
 They can travel through a vacuum.
 They travel at 300,000,000 m/s.
 They can be reflected.
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All hot bodies radiate heat
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Objectives for today
• What insulators are and some examples
Homework
Make mind map on Heat. Test on
Thursday!!!
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Heat insulators
• Heat insulators do not allow heat to pass
through them easily
Can you think of any examples of good

insulators?
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Heat transfer – energy losses
Name the three processes

that cause energy to be
lost from the home.
Which areas of the house

lose energy?
What can be done to

prevent this energy loss?
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Glossary
 conduction – The way that heat energy travels through
solids because their particles are close together.
 conductor – A material that allows heat energy to flow
through it.
 convection – The way that heat energy travels through
liquids and gases because their particles are free to move.
 heat – A form of energy, measured in joules (J).
 heating – The transfer of heat energy.
 insulator – A material that does not allow heat energy to
flow through it.
 radiation – The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic
waves, and which does not need a medium.
 temperature – How hot or cold an object is, measured in
degrees Celsius (°C).
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Anagrams
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Heat transfer questions
1. How does a cup of tea lose heat

by conduction, convection,
evaporation and radiation?
2. Why does take-away food often

come in aluminium containers?
3. Why do elephants have big ears?
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Multiple-choice quiz
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Physics

Heat is a type of energy because it can make things move

Heat energy is measured in joules (J)

How many joules are there in a kilojoule (kJ)?

If something gains heat energy, it becomes hotter

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.

Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (ºC).

Temperature can be measured using a thermometer.

1. Heat the gas inside the

Gases expand when heated and contract when

 At a cold enough temperature, even substances that

 At higher temperatures, solids change to become

1. Get some hot water in a

Heat energy can be transferred (moved) by three processes:

Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.

• Conduction is when heat energy is passed

• Heat energy is only passed on by

 Add a blob of wax to one end of the

Metals are good conductors of heat because:

Which material feels warmer if you touch a piece of wood

The wood feels warmer because it is a poor conductor.

• To investigate conduction in liquids and

Are liquids good at conducting heat?

 Use a weight to hold an ice

 Carefully hold a safety match

 If a gas is a good conductor, the

 Gases are poor conductors of heat

 Carefully hold a safety match

 If a gas is a good conductor, the

 Gases are poor conductors of heat

• Convection is when heat energy is passed

• What types of materials do you think

Why do you think miners don’t use this method anymore?

Radiation is when heat can move by travelling as

• What insulators are and some examples

Can you think of any examples of good

Name the three processes

Which areas of the house

What can be done to

1. How does a cup of tea lose heat

2. Why does take-away food often

3. Why do elephants have big ears?

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