3.

2: COVELANT
BONDING
What does the specification say?

2
SIMPLE
COVELANT
BONDS
They are represented as two atoms, with a
single line between them:

3
 Covenant bonds
form between
two non-metals.
This is where
atoms share
electrons

Usually a
pair of
electrons is
shared
This is to ensure that
each atom that
shares an electron
has a full outer shell,
and hence, reaches a
state of stability

Note: a group of atoms covalently

bonded together is called a molecule. 4
Diatomic molecules:
Diatomic molecules are elements XX X
with exist in pairs, each atom
bonded covalently with the other.
Examples include: X
X Cl Cl
 H2 Have
 N2 No
 F2 Fear XX
 O2 Of
 I2 Ice Chlorine is an example of a diatomic molecule. Each
 Cl2 Cold chlorine atom shares an electron with the other, both
 Br2 Beer receiving full outer shells, becoming a stable molecule.
5
What does the specification say?

6
HOW DOES SHARING
ELECTRONS HOLD
ATOMS TOGETHER?
7
 Atoms which have covalent bonds present are held together using the attraction between the positively charged
protons, and the negatively charged shared electrons (electrostatic forces) – these electrostatic forces are present
within the H2 molecule. When the nuclei are a certain distance apart, the electrostatic forces between the
oppositely charged protons and electrons, and the repulsion forces between the protons and electrons become
balanced, rigidly holding the molecule together .
Electron

Electrostatic attraction between

electron and proton in the nuclei of H2

Proton Proton

Repulsion between protons

and electrons (as they have
Electron like charges respectively).

Simple model of 𝑯𝟐 molecule 8

DOUBLE
COVALENT
BONDS
WHAT IS IT?
Double covalent bonds where two
pairs of electrons are shared. In total,
four electrons are shared.
It is important to note that with any
covalently bonded molecule, that the
covalent bonds within the molecule
possess a high strength, but the
molecules themselves are not
attracted to each other.

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11
What does the specification say?

12
CO-ORDINATE
BONDING
13
WHAT IS A CO-ORDINATE BOND?
A co-ordinate bond is also
known as a dative covalent
bond.
The atom that accepts the
lone pair is known to be
electron-deficient – it lacks
electrons, and does not
have a full outer shell. The
electrons needed to have a
full outer shell come from
the lone pair of electrons
In co-ordinate (or dative covalent) bond, one of the
atom donates both of their electrons – i.e. an
electron pair comes from one atom. The atom which
donates its’ electrons is known as having a lone
pair of electrons. These electrons do not
participate in a bond.
Dative covalent bonds have exactly the same
strength and the same length as an ordinary
covalent bond. The difference is, whether
both of the electrons come from one atom
(if there is a lone pair of electrons present),
or electrons are provided from both atoms. 14
 EXAMPLE: THE AMMONIUM ION (NH4+)
The ammonium ion is
completely symmetrical.
All the bonds present
within the ion have exactly
the same length and
strength.
Remember that the
atoms within the
ammonium ion are
covalently bonded,
but the ion has an
overall charge.
The arrow represents how the
bond is formed between the lone
pair of electrons from the
nitrogen atom and the positive
hydrogen .
The arrow is pointing
towards the electron
pair acceptor. In this
The arrow from the lone pair on the NH3 molecule case, it is the H+ ion.
points towards the H+ atom (NH3 is a base as it accepts
H+ ions). The arrow represents a co-ordinate bond.
15
What does the specification say?

A useful link: https://www.savemyexams.co.uk/a-level-chemistry-aqa-questions-by-topic-bonding-free/

16
 Molecular
structure is
the way a
molecule is
If some arranged in
compounds 3D
dissolve in water Low melting
(such as carbon
dioxide), the and boiling
solution will still points
not conduct
Note: electricity What are the
compounds properties of
dissolved in compounds with
a molecular
water will
structure?
still remain Poor This is due to the
conductors of covalent bonds
as molecules. electricity are being present
they have no within the atoms
charge overall themselves
COVELANT
BONDS ARE
NOT PRESENT
BETWEEN 17
MOLECULES