Structural Concrete

Frame
Building Construction 2
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CONCRETE AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Why Concrete?
• Resource Friendly – The predominant raw material for the cement in concrete
is limestone, the most abundant mineral on earth. Concrete can also be made
with fly ash, slag cement, and silica fume, all waste byproducts from power
plants, steel mills, and other manufacturing facilities.
• Durability. Concrete builds durable, long-lasting structures that will not rust,
rot, or burn. Life spans for concrete building products can be double or triple
those of other common building materials.
• Thermal mass. Homes built with concrete walls, foundations, and floors are
highly energy efficient because they take advantage of concretes inherent
thermal massor ability to absorb and retain heat. This means homeowners
can significantly cut their heating and cooling bills and install smaller-capacity
HVAC equipment.
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CONCRETE AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Why Concrete?
• Reflectivity. Concrete minimizes the effects that produce urban heat islands.
Light-colored concrete pavements and roofs absorb less heat and reflect
more solar radiation than dark-colored materials, such as asphalt, reducing air
conditioning demands in the summer.
• Ability to retain stormwater. Paved surfaces tend to be impervious and can
block natural water infiltration into the soil causing erosion, flash floods,
water table depletion, and pollution. Pervious concreteis a special type of
structural concrete with a sponge-like network of voids that water passes
through readily. When used for driveways, sidewalks, parking lots, and other
pavements, pervious concrete can help to retain stormwater runoff and
replenish local water supplies.
• Minimal waste. Concrete can be produced in the quantities needed for each
project, reducing waste. After a concrete structure has served its original
purpose, the concrete can be crushed and recycled into aggregate for use in
new concrete pavements or as backfill or road base.
CONTENT CONCRETE COMPONENTS
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

CEMENT AGGREGATES WATER

WET CONCRETE MIXTURE


CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CEMENT
Production:
Portland cement is produced by heating sources of lime, iron, silica, and
alumina to clinkering temperature (2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit) in a
rotating kiln, then grinding the clinker to a fine powder. The heating that
occurs in the kiln transforms the raw materials into new chemical
compounds.
Click HERE for more info

CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CEMENT TYPES
Types Composition Purpose
Rapid Attains high strength in early days it is
Hardening Increased Lime content used in concrete where formworks are
Cement removed at an early stage.
Small percentage of aluminum sulphate Used in works is to be completed in very
Quick setting
as an accelerator and reducing short period and concreting in static and
cement
percentage of Gypsum with fine grinding running water
Low Heat Manufactured by reducing tricalcium It is used in massive concrete
Cement aluminate construction like gravity dams
It is prepared by maintaining the It is used in construction exposed to
Sulphates
percentage of tricalcium aluminate below severe sulphate action by water and soil
resisting
6% which increases power against in places like canals linings, culverts,
Cement
sulphates retaining walls, siphons etc.,
It is obtained by grinding the clinkers with
Blast Furnace It can be used for works economic
about 60% slag and resembles more or
Slag Cement considerations is predominant.
less in properties of Portland cement
Colored It is produced by mixing mineral pigments They are widely used for decorative
cement with ordinary cement. works in floors

CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CEMENT TYPES
Types Composition Purpose
It is obtained by melting mixture of
bauxite and lime and grinding with the It is used in works where concrete is
High Alumina
clinker it is rapid hardening cement subjected to high temperatures, frost,
Cement
with initial and final setting time of and acidic action.
about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively
It is costlier and is used for architectural
It is prepared from raw materials free
White Cement purposes such as precast curtain wall
from Iron oxide.
and facing panels, terrazzo surface etc.,
It is used in marine structures, sewage
Pozzolanic It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic works, sewage works and for laying
Cement clinker with Portland cement concrete under water such as bridges,
piers, dams etc.,
It is produced by adding indigenous air This type of cement is especially suited
Air Entraining entraining agents such as resins, glues, to improve the workability with smaller
Cement sodium salts of Sulphates etc. during water cement ratio and to improve frost
the grinding of clinker. resistance of concrete.
Hydrographic It is prepared by mixing water repelling This cement has high workability and
cement chemicals strength
 AGGREGATES
CONTENT
 Aggregates comprise as much as 60% to 80% of a typical concrete mix, so
REFRESHER BC1: they must be properly selected to be durable, blended for optimum
• Concrete as Building Material efficiency, and properly controlled to produce consistent concrete
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
strength, workability, finishability, and durability
 Good-quality aggregate must be clean, hard, strong, have durable
particles, and be free of absorbed harmful chemicals, coatings of clay, or
other contaminates that can affect hydration of cement or reduce the
paste-aggregate bond.
 Concrete should include at least two different sizes of aggregate--fine and
coarse.
 Fine = 1/4 inch or less (not to include fines)
 Coarse = 1/4 to 2 inch
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
TYPICAL CONCRETE MIX To reduce shrinkage, we need to reduce
Ingredient Range the total amount of cement paste in the
Cement 7% - 15% mix—the aggregate doesn't shrink. To
Aggregate 60% - 80% reduce the cement paste, we need to
Water 14% - 18% minimize the spaces between the
Air 2% - 8% aggregate particles. That is accomplished
with a "well-graded" aggregate mixture
that starts with the largest aggregate size
possible—ideally 1 ½ inches, although it
should be less than 1/3 of the slab
thickness and few stamping contractors
will want to stamp a mix with aggregate
that large. "I specify ¾ inch,"
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
READY MIX CONCRETE SITE MIX CONCRETE
Consistent quality – high Inconsistent quality – hand
tech computerized mixed
manufacturing in batching
plants
Time saver Time consuming
Raw materials are strictly Raw materials are
checked before manually checked on site,
manufacturing or not checked at all
Large quantities can be Large quantities requires
ordered at the same time repeated mixing as the
– increase efficiency mixer is small
No wastage of raw High wastage of raw
materials material
Reduce labour cost for High labour cost to mix
mixing concrete concrete
Ease in stock control Difficult to manage stock
 CONCRETE QUALITY
CONTENT TESTED FOR TO PREVENT FROM

REFRESHER BC1: Consistency Workability Segregation Bleeding

• Concrete as Building Material Wetness of the Concrete Separation of the appearance of
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture concrete compaction without coarse and fine water along with
bleeding or aggregate, and cement particles on
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE segregation cement paste - the surface of the
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures
Weaker, less freshly laid
durable and poor concrete.
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE surface finish
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete too wet-segregation Factors: To avoid: To avoid:
• Precast Concrete with resulting -Increase -Mix concrete properly -Don’t add too much
• Pre-stressed Concrete honeycomb, excessive water/cement ratio -Place concrete water
bleeding -Cement properties a.s.a.p. -Use finely ground
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE too dry- difficult to -Aggregate grading -Load carefully when cement
• Foundation place/compact, -Humidity of transporting -Use more cement
• Columns
segregation due to environment -Always pour fresh -Use air-entraining
• Slabs
• Walls lack of cohesiveness of -Temperature of concrete onto the admixture
the paste. concrete mix surface of concrete
already in place
SLUMP TEST COMPACTING
FACTOR TEST
 CONCRETE QUALITY
CONTENT
SEGREGATION BLEEDING
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT CONCRETE QUALITY – SLUMP TEST
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT CONCRETE QUALITY TESTS – SLUMP TEST
REFRESHER BC1: A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The
• Concrete Mixture stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the
finished product quality
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures Apparatus
• Slump cone : frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200 mm
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Scale for measurement,
• Precast Concrete • Temping rod(steel) 15mm diameter, 60cm length.
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls

CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
PROCEDURES:
1. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete
in three layers
2. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel
rod, rounded at the end.
3. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mold top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of
the temping rod.
4. The mold must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so
that it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot – rests brazed to the mold.
5. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is
slowly and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
6. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called
slump.
7. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and
the temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the
area of slumped concrete.
8. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
Concrete Concrete is High
• Precast Concrete mixture is lack in workability
• Pre-stressed Concrete too wet cohesion concrete
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
Other test: Compacting Factor Test. Click HERE to know more.
• Walls
CONTENT CONCRETE QUALITY TESTS – COMPACTING FACTOR TEST

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT CONCRETE QUALITY TESTS – COMPACTING FACTOR TEST

REFRESHER BC1: Apparatus

• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures
• Trowels
• Hand Scoop (15.2 cm long)
• Rod of steel or other suitable material
(1.6 cm diameter, 61 cm long rounded at one end ).
• Balance

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
Workability Slump (mm) C.F Uses
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete Very Low 0 - 25 0.78 Roads - Pavements
Foundations
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE Low 25 - 50 0.85
• Foundation Concrete
• Columns Reinforced
• Slabs Medium 25 - 100 0.92
• Walls
Concrete
Reinforced
High 100 - 175 0.95 Concrete (High
Reinforcement)
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONCRETE QUALITY TESTS – COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
Procedures
7. Wipe clean the outside of cylinder of concrete and weigh to nearest
10gm .
8. Subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus
concrete to obtain the weight of partially compacted concrete .
9. Remove the concrete from the cylinder and refill with sampled
concrete in layers .
10. Compact each layer thoroughly with the standard Compacting Bar to
achieve full compaction .
11. Float off the surplus concrete to top of cylinder and wipe it clean .
12. Weigh the cylinder to nearest 10gm and subtract the weight of empty
cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the weight
of fully compacted concrete .
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONCRETE QUALITY TESTS – COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
Procedures
1. Ensure the apparatus and associated equipment are clean before test
and free from hardened concrete and superfluous water .
2. Weigh the bottom cylinder to nearest 10gm , put it back on the stand
and cover it up with a pair of floats .
3. Gently fill the upper hopper with the sampled concrete to the level of
the rim with use of a scoop .
4. Immediately open the trap door of the upper hopper and allow the
sampled concrete to fall into the middle hopper .
5. Remove the floats on top of the bottom cylinder and open the trap
door of the middle hopper allowing the sampled concrete to fall into
the bottom cylinder .
6. Remove the surplus concrete above the top of the bottom cylinder by
holding a float in each hand and move towards each other to cut off
the concrete across the top of cylinder

CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
ADMIXTURES
 Admixtures are additions to a concrete mix that can help control the set
time and other aspects of fresh concrete
 They can improve the performance of problem concrete by modifying its
characteristics and enhancing workability.
 Five Classes of Chemical Admixtures:
 Air-Entraining Admixture
 Water-Reducing Admixture
 Retarding Admixture
 Accelerating Admixture
 Superplasticizer Admixture
 Special Admixture
 Corrosion-inhibiting Admixture – slow down corrosion of RC in
concrete (marine facilities, highway bridges, and parking garages,
that will be exposed to high concentrations of chloride)
 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures - control drying shrinkage and
minimize cracking
 Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors - control durability problems
associated with alkali-silica reactivity
 Admixture Function
CONTENT
Air-entraining air pockets relieve internal pressure on the concrete by
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
providing tiny chambers for water to expand into when it
• Concrete Components freezes
• Concrete Mixture
Water-reducing reduce the required water content for a concrete mixture by
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE about 5 to 10 percent
• Concrete Quality Retarding slow the setting rate of concrete, are used to counteract the
• Concrete Admixtures
accelerating effect of hot weather on concrete setting
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE Accelerating increase the rate of early strength development, reduce the
• Reinforced Concrete
• In-situ Concrete
time required for proper curing and protection, and speed up
• Precast Concrete the start of finishing operations.
• Pre-stressed Concrete Superplasticizer reduce water content by 12 to 30 percent and can be added to
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement ratio
• Foundation to make high-slump flowing concrete
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE – In-situ Concrete (On-site)
A concrete structure is classified as in-situ when it is casted on site. This requires
formwork to be build in place as a mould to hold the concrete pour. Concrete curing
time should also be considered when using in-situ concrete.

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE – Precast Concrete / Prefabricated Concrete
Concrete cast into structural members under factory conditions and then brought to
the building site. Precast concrete components include slabs, beams, columns, walls,
stairways, modular boxes, and even kitchens and bathrooms with precast fixtures.

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
IN-SITU CONCRETE
Build on site and requires experienced
skilled labour
Quality control is harder
Requires more labour
Requires waiting time for concrete
curing
Requires on-site concrete quality test
Time-consuming construction
More resistant to earthquake and wind
Less complicated jointing
PRECAST / PREFAB CONCRETE
Manufactured in controlled factory
environment (computerized)
Quality control is easier
Less labour required
No waiting time. Can be installed upon
arrival from factory
Does not require any concrete test
Speedy construction
Less resistant to earthquake and wind
More complicated jointing systems
CONTENT CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE – Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
REFRESHER BC1: reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components is also capable of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as in
• Concrete Mixture other situations
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE – Pre-stressed Concrete
Concrete reinforced by either by pre-tensioning or posttensioning, allowing it to
REFRESHER BC1: carry a greater load or span a greater distance than ordinary reinforced concrete.
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT
REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• In-situ or Precast
• Reinforced or Pre-stressed
DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE
• Foundation
• Columns
• Slabs
• Walls
CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Can be in-situ or precast
Susceptible to corrosion when exposed
Does not require specialized machine
Economical
Less skilled labour
Often resulted in thick structures to
achieve strength
Suitable for medium-span structure
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Can be in-situ or precast
Not subjected to corrosion
Requires specialised machine for in-situ
to create tension to concrete upon
curing
Less economical due to heavy
machineries
Requires highly skilled labour
Can achieve required strength with
minimal depth
Suitable for longer span structure
CONTENT DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE - Foundation

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE - Columns

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE - Beams

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE - Slabs

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls
CONTENT DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE - Wall

REFRESHER BC1:
• Concrete as Building Material
• Concrete Components
• Concrete Mixture

PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
• Concrete Quality Tests
• Concrete Admixtures

CONCRETE AS STRUCTURE
• Reinforced Concrete
• Precast Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete

DESIGNING WITH CONCRETE

• Foundation
• Columns
• Beams
• Slabs
• Walls