Excretory System

Excretory System
Excretion – removes cellular waste

The process that collects & removes

harmful or useless substances that
form in the body or are taken into the
body from the blood, tissues, and cells.
 Excretory System
Although the urinary system has a major role in
excretion, other organs contribute to the excretory
function.
 Four Organs of the Excretory System
•The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some
waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water.
•The skin is another excretory organ that rids the
body of wastes through the sweat glands.
•The liver (via the intestines) excretes bile pigments
that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. It
also converts nitrogenous waste from the break
down of proteins into urea.
•The major task of excretion still belongs to the
kidneys, the major organ in the urinary system. If it
fails the other organs cannot take over and
compensate adequately.
 Cellular Waste
Heat
Water
Salts
CO2
Urea
W/O excretion poisonous wastes build
up in blood, cells, and tissues.
Could lead to serious illness &
eventually DEATH!
 Liver – Some Functions
Functions in Excretion
– Detoxifies Blood
Filters Bacteria, alcohol, drugs, toxic
substances
Changes them into inactive or less toxic
forms.

 Excretes Bile
 Contains
 Worn-out RBC
 Bile salts
 Cholesterol
 Liver Produces
Functions in Excretion
Urea
– Forms Urea
• Changes toxic wastes (ammonia – from break
down of amino acids) to Urea.
• Urea  Blood  Kidneys
• Filtered out & excreted in Urine
 Lungs –Main Function

Alveoli - Exchange O2 & CO2 between air and

blood (through process of diffusion)
Lungs excrete CO2 when you EXHALE
 Skin
• Sweat Glands
– Help cool body: Heat escapes through
millions of pores in skin surface
– Excrete perspiration (evap. cooling)
• 99% H2O
• Mineral Salts
• Urea
 Kidneys & Urinary System
• Urinary System – excretes waste and
maintains homeostasis of body fluids.
– Kidneys (main organ of the system)
– Ureters
– Bladder
– Urethra
 Kidneys & Urinary System
• Kidneys
– Two
– Fist sized
– Bean shaped
 Kidneys- Functional Units & Product
Nephron (about one million per kidney)
– Microscopic units that filter blood of wastes.
– H2O and waste taken from blood into nephron
Form URINE
 Glomerulus (clump of capillaries)
 At end of each nephron
 Network of coiled tubes – diffusion of wastes -
while useful substances & water are reabsorbed
 Urine
 Pale yellow solution
 Urea, H20, salts, other trace solutions (toxins…)
 Urinary System - continued
Ureters
– Narrow muscular tubes
– Connect Kidney  Bladder
 Bladder
 Muscular sac
 Stores Urine
 Expand to fill
 Muscle relaxes
 Urine squeezed into Urethra
 Urinary System - endpoint
Urethra
– Tube leading from Bladder  outside of body
 Failures of Homeostasis
• Bladder & Kidney Infections caused by
bacteria from colon/rectum entering urethra.
• Kidney Stones - crystallization of mineral salts
& uric acid that block passage of urine
• Kidney Disease - caused by long term
diabetes, infections, & chemical poisoning
• Gout – form of arthritis where excess
production of uric acid leads to deposits of
crystals in joints (esp. toes)
 HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testosterone
• Hormone responsible for stimulating the
development of the secondary sexual
characteristics of the male which normally begin
during puberty.
1. growth of beard and pubic hair
2. deepening of the voice
3. widening of the shoulders
4. narrowing of the hips
 Male Reproductive System
1. Testes
• Also known as
testicles
• Ovoid structures
that develop in the
abdominal cavity
and descend to
the scrotal sac at
the time of birth
Seminiferous
tubules
• Produce the sperm
cells
• Sperm cell
production begins
at the age of
puberty
Male Reproductive System
Interstitial cells
• Secrete male
sex hormone
(testosterone)

Scrotum
• Sac that held
testes outside
the abdomen
• Provides cooler
environment
than in the
body, which
sperm require
to live
 Male Reproductive System
2. Duct System
a. Epididymis
• where sperm is
stored until they
are released

b. Vas Deferens
(Ductus deferens)
• main sperm duct
• Pass through the
inguinal canal and
enters the pelvic
cavity where it
loops over the
urinary bladder
and joins the
urethra.
 Male Reproductive System
3. Penis
• Becomes erect
and increase in
size during sexual
excitation due to
blood that fills the
spaces of the
spongy tissue that
make up the
penis.
Erection – enables the
penis to be
inserted into the
vagina during
copulation
Ejaculation – The
releasing of sperm
cell.
 Male Reproductive System

4. Glands
Seminal fluid + sperm cell = semen
3 Glands producing Seminal Fluid
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate glands
3. Cowper’s gland/ Bulbourethral gland
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Estrogen
• Hormone responsible for stimulating the development of
the secondary sexual characteristics of the female which
normally begin during puberty.
1. growth of pubic hair
2. development of breasts
3. widening of hips

Progesterone
• Hormone responsible for maintaining the endometrium in
case the egg inside is fertilized.
 1. Ovaries
Female Reproductive System
• Found in the pelvic
cavity and are held in
place by the ligaments.
• Produce egg cells or ova
• Secrete female
hormone, estrogen
• Female produces one
mature egg per
menstrual cycle.

Ovulation – mature egg is

released from an ovary
 2. Fallopian Tube
Female Reproductive System
or Oviduct
• Duct where egg travels from
the ovary to the uterus

3. Uterus
• Has a very thick muscular wall
richly supplied with blood
vessels.
• Houses the implanted fertilized
egg where it develops and
grows

Endometrium – mucous lining of

the uterus
Cervix – lower portion of the uterus
which connects it to the
vagina. Also a common site of
cancer.
Female Reproductive System 4. Vagina
• Opens into the external
genitalia called vulva
• The opening is partially
closed by a thin
membrane –hymen

5. Vulva
• Composed of labia majora
and labia minora
• Encloses the vaginal
opening.

Labia minora – encloses a

highly sensitive tissue, the
clitoris