DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sarhad University of science and information

Technology Islamabad

Installation, Testing & Maintenance

Of Machines

Presented By

Muhammad Awais
Imran Baig
BEARINGS
 BEARINGS

• A bearing is a device to permit constrained

relative motion between two parts, typically
rotation or linear movement.

• Bearings may be classified broadly according

to the motions they allow and according to
their principle of operation
 FUNCTION OF A BEARING
• The main function of a rotating shaft is to transmit
power from one end of the line to the other.

• It needs a good support to ensure stability and

frictionless rotation. The support for the shaft is
known as “bearing”.

• The shaft has a “running fit” in a bearing. All bearing

are provided some lubrication arrangement to
reduced friction between shaft and bearing.
• Hold &Guide to shaft
• Smooth & Free motion to Save power
CLASSIFICATION OF BEARINGS
BEARING

ANTIFRICTION BEARING FRICTION BEARING

 Friction Bearing
• Hydrostatic bearing
• Hydrodynamic or Journal Bearing
1.Solid or Bush bearing
2. Split bearing
• Bearing Material:-CI Brass, Bronze Gun
metal Babbitt metal or White metal
 Bearings -continued
Hydrostatic Bearing
Hydrodynamic Bearing
 ANTI FRICTION BEARING
• BALL BEARING

• ROLLER BEARING

• THRUST BEARING
 Rolling Element Bearing Parts

Outer Race

Inner Race

The parts and nomenclature

for a Ball Bearing
Bore Ball

Cage orSeparator
 Roller Bearings

Needle Roller Tapered Roller Spherical Roller

 BALL BEARING
• Deep Groove Ball Bearings
• Self Aligning Ball Bearings
• Angular Contact Ball Bearings

ROLLER BEARING
•Cylindrical Roller Bearings
•Needle Roller Bearings
•Spherical Roller Bearings
•Taper Roller Bearings
DEEPGROOVE BALL BEARING
Deep groove ball bearings are
capable of operating at high
speeds and are widely used
radial bearings. These non-
separable bearings are
available in a wide variety of
seal, shield and snap-ring
arrangements. It requires little
attention or maintenance in
service.
Single Row Deep Groove
Ball Bearing
Accommodates Radial and
Axial Loads
 High Speeds
 Low Friction

Locating Bearing
Seals/Shields
Advantages Of Deep Groove Ball
Bearings
• Can sustain radial, axial, or composite
loads.
• Can provide both high-running accuracy
and high-speed operation.
• Can take the place of high speed angular
contact ball bearings.
• Simple design.
• Maintenance free.
• Longer service life.
Application Of Deep Groove Ball
Bearings
• axial loads from two directions have to be
transmitted, and existing space does not
allow installation of matched spindle
bearings.

• best possible guidance of rotating parts is

required and speed is less important.
Deep Groove Ball Bearings
Applications

• Industrial
– Electric Motors/Power Tools
– Gearboxes, Transmissions
– Pumps/Compressors
– Office Automation
• Automotive
– Alternators/Starters
– Cooling Fans
– ABS Motors
Bearing Basics
 Bearing Radial force F Shaft

Thrust
Housing
 Bearing Loads

Radial

Axial
 Radial loads originate from the
• Weight of the shaft
• Weight of the pulley
• Tension of the belt
• Weight of the propeller
• Propeller rotation
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Angular contact ball bearings
are non-separable type bearings
and typically used for carrying
combined (axial and radial)
loads. They can carry pure axial
load and operate in higher
speed. That's why many people
refer to them incorrectly as
thrust bearings
 Radial
load
Thrust
load

Thrust
load

Radial
load
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
• Accommodates Radial Loads, also
Axial Loads in One Direction
• Greater Axial Load Capacity than
Single Row Deep Groove Bearings
• High Rigidity with Preload
• Frequently Sold as Matched Sets
• High Speed
• Low Friction
• Locating In One Direction
 Types Of Angular contact ball
bearings
There are three basic types of angular contact ball bearings

 Single Row Bearings

 Double Row Bearings
 Four Point Contact Ball Bearings
Single Row Angular Contact Ball
Bearings:
Double Row Angular Contact
Ball Bearings
Four Point Contact Ball Bearings
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Applications
• Pumps & Compressors
• Metal Rolling Mills
• Electric Motors &
Generators
• Machine Tool Spindles
• Automotive Hub Bearings
Double Row Angular Contact
• Equivalent to Two Bearings mounted
Back to Back
• Accommodates Radial Loads and
Axial Loads in Both Directions
• One Piece Outer Ring / Inner Ring
• Reduces Width Required
Applications
– Centrifugal Pumps
– Electric Motors
– Blowers & Fans
– Transmissions/Gearboxes
Self Aligning Ball Bearings
Self aligning ball
bearings are suitable for
applications where
misalignment can arise
from errors in mounting
or shaft deflection. The
steel balls, cage, and
inner ring can rotate
freely at a certain angle,
as it is stated that the
bearings have self-
aligning features.
 Self Aligning Ball Bearings
Specifications & Standards
• Standard cage types - All bearing series
are equipped with a pressed cage, except
2322S, which is equipped with a machined
cage.
• Misalignment - They are designed to
adjust to the angular misalignment from
one bearing to the other within the
permissible limits.
• Cages - There are standard cages but
some may have pressed steel cage, glass
fiber reinforced, or machined brass cages
Advantages Of Self Aligning Ball
Bearings

• Have the lowest friction of all rolling

bearings.
• Run cooler even at high speeds.
• Easy mounting and dismounting.
• The permissible operating speed is not
dependent on the common criteria like
heat generation or cage stability and
strength.
 Types Of Self Aligning Ball
Bearings
The two basic designs of double row self-aligning ball
bearings are standard and "E" shaped. The "E"
shaped have a larger load carrying capacity and can
be used in a wider range of applications
They are available in three designs:
• Basic open design
• Sealed Bearings
• Bearings with Extended Inner Ring
Application Of Self Aligning Ball
Bearings
• Self-aligning ball bearings are used for
commercial ground shafting applications.
• Since axial load capacity is limited, self-
aligning ball bearings are not suitable for
applications with heavy axial loads.
• Furthermore, if an adapter is used on the
tapered bore of the inner diameter,
installation and disassembly are much
simpler and for this reason adapters are
often used on equipment with drive shafts.
Buying Tips
Selecting Deep Groove Ball Bearings
Before selecting a deep groove ball bearing you
should take note of the followings:
Material - Chrome steel, High temperature steel,
ball material
Maintenance requirements bearing applications
Service life
Bearing clearance
Sealing efficiency
Contamination exclusion and grease retention
Low-friction seals for energy saving
 Types Of Cylindrical Roller
Bearings
• Single or Double Row Bearings
• Full Complement Cylindrical Roller
Bearings
• Crossed Cylindrical Roller Bearing
Cylindrical
roller
bearings,
single
row, NU,
N, NJ,
NUP
designs
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Types

NU NJ NUP N
 Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Cylindrical roller bearings use
rollers for rolling elements, and
therefore has a high load
capacity. The rollers are guided
by ribs on either the inner or
outer ring, therefore these
bearings are also suitable for
high speed applications. The
inner and outer rings can be
separated to facilitate assembly,
and both can be fit with shaft or
housing tightly.
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
• Very High Radial Load Capacity
• Good Speed Capability
• Separable Inner or Outer Ring
• Limited Misalignment Capability
• Rings Can Move Axially During
Operation (within limits)
Applications
– Large Electric Motors
– Gearboxes/Transmissions,
Presses
– Machine Tool Spindles
– Steel Mills (Rolling Mills)
Physical Characteristics
Although the rolling elements in cylindrical roller
bearings are called "cylindrical," they are not true
cylinders. True cylinders would produce stress
concentrations at the ends of the roller-race contact,
resulting in high wear and high sensitivity to
misalignment. Instead, rollers are usually crowned or
end relieved.

Application Of Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Cylindrical roller bearings are used in power generation,
oilfield, mining and aggregate processing, gear drives,
rolling mills, machine tools, transmissions, vibration
machines and as wheelset bearings for rail vehicles.
 Needle Roller Bearings
Needle roller bearings use needle
rollers as rolling elements. The
needle rollers are a maximum of 5
mm in diameter and are 3 to 10 times
as long as they are in diameter.
Because the bearings use needle
rollers as rolling elements, the cross-
section is thin, but they have a high
load capacity for their size. Because
of the large number of rolling
elements, the bearings have high
rigidity and are ideally suited to
wobbling or pivoting motion.
Needle roller bearing Needle roller bearing Needle roller bearing
without flanges, with flanges, with flanges,
double row, single row, single row,
without an inner ring with an inner ring without an inner ring
 Physical Characteristics
• referred to as needle rollers.
• Needle Rollers are used for needle roller
bearings and are rigid and highly accurate.
• In spite of their low cross section the
bearings have a high load carrying
capacity.
• Available with or without an inner ring.
• The needle rollers are a maximum of 5
mm in diameter and are 3 to 10 times as
long as they are in diameter.
 Advantages of Needle Roller
Bearings
• Due to the smaller cross-section, greater rigidity,
higher load-carrying capacity and lower inertia of
the needle roller bearings help size and weight
reductions in the machinery.
• Though they are less wide, their load carrying
capacity is high and is most suitable for
applications where the load is high and the radial
space is less.
• Needle roller bearings, which are designed to
withstand oscillation can operate under severe
conditions and interchange with sliding bearings.
 Typical Applications
• Transmissions, transfer cases, engines
and valve trains
• Steering and braking systems
• Axle support

• Power tools
• Copiers, fax machines, paper-moving
equipment
• Appliances
Spherical Roller Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearings
• High Load Carrying Capacity
– Heavy Radial Loads/Impact
Loads
– Moderate Axial Loads
– Different Series Carry Different
Ratio of Radial and Axial
Loads
• Fair Speed Capability
• Can Take Misalignment
– Up to 11/2 o
– No Loss in Capacity
• Typically Two-Rows
Spherical Roller Bearings
Applications

• Steel Mills
• Paper Mills
• Continuous Casting
Machinery
• Aggregate Equipment
• Large Gearboxes
• Large Air Handling
Equipment
 Physical Characteristics
• Spherical roller bearings consist of an outer ring
having a continuous spherical raceway
• Within which operates two rows of barrel-shaped
rollers which are in turn guided by an inner ring
with two raceways separated by a center rib.
• This bearing has self-aligning properties, and
therefore is suited for use where misalignment
between the inner and outer rings occurs from
housing installation error or shaft flexure.
• Spherical roller bearings have a large capacity
for radial loads, axial loads in either direction,
and complex loads. .
Tapered Roller Bearings

• Designed for Heavy Axial/Radial

Loads In One Direction
• Outer Ring is Separable
• Outer Ring is Commonly Called the
Cup
• Inner Ring (w/ rollers & retainer) is
Commonly Called the Cone
• Fixed Contact Angle

• Limited Misalignment Capability

• Locating in One Direction
 Radial
load

Thrust
load

Thrust
load

Radial
load
 Taper Roller Bearings
The taper roller bearings can carry
combinations of large radial and thrust
loads or thrust load only. Because of
the difference between the inner and
outer raceway contact angles, there is
a force component, which drives the
tapered rollers against the guide
flange. The relatively large sliding
friction generated at this flange makes
this bearing typically unsuitable for
high-speed applications without
special consideration to coolant /
lubricant. Typical applications include
construction machinery, gear
construction, vehicle manufacture and
rolling mills.
Tapered Roller Bearings
• Available in Inch (ABMA)
or Metric (ISO) Series
• Single Row
• Double Row
– Duplexed
– Double Cup or Cone
 Advantages Of Taper roller
bearings
• Dimensional Stability
• Long Life Even In Contaminated Lubricant
• Durable Steel Cage
• Dimensionally Interchangeable With Other
Bearing Manufacturers
 Types Of Taper Roller
Bearings
• Single-row tapered roller bearings
• Double-row tapered roller bearings
• Four row tapered roller bearings
Minimum load - For satisfactory operation, the bearings must
be subjected to the minimum load that is calculated by

Frm = 0,02 C

where
Frm , =, minimum radial load, kN
C, =, basic dynamic load rating
 Physical Characteristics
• Taper roller bearings have tapered inner and
outer ring raceways between which tapered
rollers are arranged.
• The projection lines of all the tapered surfaces
meet at a common point on the bearing axis.
Their design makes taper roller bearings
particularly suitable for the accommodation of
combined (radial and axial) loads.
• The axial load carrying capacity of the bearings
is largely determined by the contact angle. The
larger the angle, the higher the axial load
carrying capacity.
Tapered Roller Bearings
Applications
• Automotive Uses
– Differential
– Transmissions
– Heavy Duty Wheel Bearings

• Aircraft Wheel Bearings

• Heavy Duty Industrial
Gearboxes
• Steel Mill Guide Boxes/Work
Rolls (Rollneck)
• Plastic/Metal Forming
Equipment
 Applications Of Taper Roller
Bearings
• In many applications taper roller bearings are
used in back-back pairs so that axial forces can
be supported equally in either direction.
• Pairs of taper roller bearings are used in car and
vehicle wheel bearings where they must cope
simultaneously with large vertical (radial) and
horizontal (axial) forces.
• Agriculture, Construction and Mining Equipment
• Various Axle Systems
• Conveyance Vehicles
• Gear Box, Engine Motors, Reducers
 Thrust Bearings

• Thrust Ball Bearings

• Angular Contact Thrust Ball Bearings
• Cylindrical Roller Thrust Bearings
• Needle Roller Thrust Bearings
• Spherical Roller Thrust Bearings
• Taper Roller Thrust Bearings
Thrust Ball Bearings
Thrust Ball Bearings
carry pure thrust
(axial) loads. When a
load is properly
applied to this bearing,
the internal contact
points are aligned on a
plane parallel to the
shaft. Radial loads
dislodge the balls from
their track. Thrust ball
bearings can be single
direction and double
direction designs
Needle Roller Thrust Bearings
Needle roller thrust bearings
are for heavy axial loads. They
require a minimum axial space
and are arranged rather stiffly.
They can accommodate axial
loads acting in one direction
i.e. they are single direction
bearings. It can take as less
space as a thrust washer can.
The roller, cage and the
raceways can all be separated
and be combined with washers
of various designs.
Cylindrical Roller Thrust Bearings
Cylindrical roller thrust
bearings are suitable for heavy
axial load accommodation.
They are relatively insensitive
to shock loads. They are very
stiff and require little axial
space. They are most
commonly available as single
direction bearings and can
accommodate axial loads
acting in single direction.
Cylindrical thrust bearings
may be produced in single row
and double row designs.
Double row patterns are
mainly used where thrust ball
bearings have insufficient load
carrying capacity
Needle Roller Thrust Bearings
Needle roller thrust bearings
are for heavy axial loads. They
require a minimum axial space
and are arranged rather stiffly.
They can accommodate axial
loads acting in one direction
i.e. they are single direction
bearings. It can take as less
space as a thrust washer can.
The roller, cage and the
raceways can all be separated
and be combined with washers
of various designs.
Taper Roller Thrust Bearings
Taper roller thrust
bearings enable
axially very compact
bearing
arrangements and
capacity to carry
very heavy axial
loads, are
insensitive to shock
loads and are stiff.
 Selection of bearing type
• Available space
• Loads
• Misalignment
• Precision
• Speed
• quiet running
• Stiffness
• axial displacement
• mounting and dismounting
• integral seals.
 The primary contributors to
abnormal bearing signaturers
• Imbalance
• Misalingment
• Rotar instability
• Excessive or abnormal loads
• Mechanical looseness
 Bearing Lubrication
Oil vs. Grease
Advantages Advantages
1. Better Heat Dissipation 1. Easy to apply
2. Higher Speed Capability 2. Helps to seal
3. Can be Circulated 3. Wide range of

GREASE
4. Can be Filtered applications
4. Better control of leakage
Disadvantages
OIL

1. Possibility of Leakage Disadvantages

2. Does not Seal 1. Poor heat dissipation
3. Can be Displaced by Water 2. Collects and retains
4. May Require More contaminants
Complicated System 3. Structural change
possibility (i.e. - work
hardening)
4. Possible compatibility
problems if greases are
mixed
Bearing Lubrication
Grease Selection
• Viscosity of base Oil
• Consistency
• Speed limit
• Bleed rate
• Noise characteristics
• Moisture resistance
• Thickener
 Mounting
Around 16% of all premature bearing failures
are a result of poor fitting or using incorrect
mounting techniques. Individual applications
may require mechanical, heat or hydraulic
mounting methods for correct and efficient
bearing mounting. Selecting the mounting
technique appropriate for your application will
help you extend your bearing’s service life and
reduce costs resulting from premature bearing
failure.

89
 Bearing Mounting
Method
 Mounting bearings in a cold condition
 Mounting bearings using heat

90
Mounting Bearings in a cold condition
Small and medium size bearings are generally
cold mounted. Traditionally the bearing is
mounted using a hammer and a length of old
pipe. This practice can cause forces to be
transmitted through the rolling elements,
causing damage to the raceways. Proper fitting
tools help prevent bearing damage by applying
the forces to the bearing ring with the
interference fit.

91
Mounting bearing in a cold condition

92
Mounting Bearings using Heat Technique
Oil baths are often used for heating
bearings prior to mounting.
However, this method can
contaminate the bearing, resulting in
premature bearing failure. Today,
induction heating is the most
common technique for heating
bearings since it allows a high degree
of controllability, efficiency and
safety.

93
Mounting Bearing using hydraulic
technique

94
 Dismounting
When dismounting bearings, care must be
taken not to damage other machine
components, such as the shaft or housing, as
damage can result in compromising the
machine’s efficiency and lifetime. Bearings are
sometimes dismounted to maintain or replace
other components of the machine. These
bearings are often re–used. Individual
applications may require mechanical, heat or
hydraulic dismounting methods and tools to
allow safe, correct and efficient bearing
dismounting.

95
 Bearing Dismounting Method

 Mechanical dismounting
 Dismounting using heat
 Hydraulic Techniques

96
Mechanical Dismounting

97
Heat equipment

98
Bearing dismounting using hydraulic
Machine

99