BLDTEC5:

Alternative
Building Construction
Systems and Materials
DAR2 T/12:30-5:30 A701
ARCH. JOSIE S. DE ASIS
 CONCRETE OVERVIEW
CONCRETE
• An artificial, stone-like
building material made by
mixing CEMENT and various
mineral AGGRERATES with
sufficient WATER to cause the
cement to set and bind the
entire mass
• Strong in COMPRESSION but
weak in TENSION
• Too brittle to withstand stress
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• CONCRETE in which STEEL
REINFORCEMENT is
embedded in such a manner
that the 2 materials act
together in resisting forces
• Steel is protected from
corrosion while concrete
is given tensile strength
 CONCRETE OVERVIEW

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PRECAST CONCRETE

• Concrete deposited, formed, cured, and • A concrete member or product that is

finished in its final position as part of a cast and cured in a place other than
structure where it is to be installed in a structure

• Also called cast-in-situ concrete • Time-saving and cost-effective

especially for repetitive and consistent
• Slow process due to the need to components of structure
construct formworks on site
• Can be erected in poor weather
• Formworks requires caution to prevent conditions and requires no on-site
seepage and ultimately becomes a cost formworks
consideration
• Transport may be limiting and
possibility of water leakage at joints
 Cast-in-Place
Classification
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
by Location
Slab

SLAB ON GRADE SLAB ON BEAM

• Distributes load directly on the soil or • Transfers load to beam then to

compacted sand columns

• Initial construction cost is cheaper • Initial construction cost is higher due

since there is no need for bottom to formworks and the reinforcements
formworks needed to connect the beam and slab

• Possible disadvantage if there is

uneven soil settlement but can be
remedied by compacting the base
thoroughly prior to pouring of cement
 Classification
Cast-in-Place by Load
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
Concrete Slab Transfer
System

ONE-WAY SLAB TWO-WAY SLAB

• Transfers load from slab to a pair of • Beam transfers load to the 4 columns
beam or bearing wall through 2 pairs of beams

• Used for short spans (1.80-3.60m)
• Appropriate for rectangular shaped slabs
(W:L = 1:3)
• Used for longer spans (4.50-12.00m) and
heavy loads or when high lateral force
resistance is required
• Bays should be as square as possible
 Classification
Cast-in-Place by Load
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
Concrete Slab Transfer
System

ONE-WAY CONCRETE JOIST SYSTEM TWO-WAY CONCRETE JOIST SYSTEM

(RIBBED SLAB) (WAFFLE SLAB)
• Used for longer spans (4.50-10.80m) and • Used for longer spans (6.00-14.40m) and
heavier load than one-way slab heavy loads

• Broader joists at beam (joist band) can
resist greater shear
• Distribution rib transfers load to larger
area (6.00-9.00m span = 1 rib; over 9.00m
span = 2 ribs)
• Supporting beams ad drop panels can be
formed by omitting dome forms in selected
areas
• Bays should be as square as possible
 Classification
Cast-in-Place by Load
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
Concrete Slab Transfer
System

TWO-WAY FLAT SLAB TWO-WAY FLAT PLATE

• Supported by columns without beams for • Flat slab without drop panels and column
long-span building (4.50-12.00m) capital for long-span building (4.50-10.80m)

• Drop panel (min width = 0.45 x span; min • Minimum floor thickness = span/33 or 5”;
depth = span/85) and column capital are Typical floor thickness is 14” (0.35m)
used to increase shear strength and
moment resisting capacity

• Min floor thickness = span/36 or 4”;

Typical floor thickness is 6”-12”
(0.15-0.30m)
 Pre-Cast
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete Major Types
Slab

HOLLOW-CORE
SOLID FLAT SLAB SINGLE TEE DOUBLE TEE
SLAB
• Suitable for short • Internally cored to • Concrete slab • Concrete slab
spans and uniformly reduce dead weight having a broad, T- having 2 stems and
distributed floor and shaped cross section a broad cross section
roof loads • Suitable for medium resembling the
to long spans and capital letters TT
uniformly
distributed floor and
roof loads
 Pre-Cast
Prestressed
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
Concrete
Slab

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

• Concrete reinforced by pre-tensioning or post-tensioning high-strength steel

tendons within their elastic limit to actively resist a service load

• PRESTRESS
• To introduce internal stresses to a concrete member in order to counteract the
stresses that will result from an applied load
 Pre-Cast
Prestressed
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
Concrete
Slab

PRE- POST-
TENSIONING TENSIONING
• To prestress a • To prestress a
concrete member concrete member
by tensioning by tensioning
the reinforcing the reinforcing
tendons before tendons after the
the concrete is concrete has set
cast
 Pre-Cast
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
Wall Panels

LOAD CAPACITY FORM COMPOSITION

• Load Bearing • Flat • Solid

• Non-bearing • Ribbed • Hollow
• More Intricately Shaped • Sandwich of concrete
with an insulating core
 Pre-Cast
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
Wall Panels

LOAD CAPACITY FORM COMPOSITION

• Load Bearing • Flat • Solid

• Non-bearing • Ribbed • Hollow
• More Intricately Shaped • Sandwich of concrete
with an insulating core
 Pre-Cast
CONCRETE OVERVIEW Concrete
Wall Panels

LOAD CAPACITY FORM COMPOSITION

• Load Bearing • Flat • Solid

• Non-bearing • Ribbed • Hollow
• More Intricately Shaped • Sandwich of concrete
with an insulating core
 Construction
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
System

LIFT SLAB SPANSTRESS SLIP FORM TILT-UP PANEL

• Floor and roof • Uses prestressed • Forms are set • Concrete walls are
slabs are cast one T-joist with filler about 1.50m in site-casted on the
on top of the other. blocks or height and are floor slab or on a
After curing, they collapsible steel fixed on jacks and separate casting
are lifted to their forms hydraulic systems. bed then tilted and
final positions by As the concrete lifted into position
hydraulic jacks starts to set, the by a crane
and secured to forms are jacked
vertical supports up systematically
until the whole
structure is
completely
concreted
 Construction
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
System

LIFT SLAB SPANSTRESS SLIP FORM TILT-UP PANEL

• Floor and roof • Uses prestressed • Forms are set • Concrete walls are
slabs are cast one T-joist with filler about 1.50m in site-casted on the
on top of the other. blocks or height and are floor slab or on a
After curing, they collapsible steel fixed on jacks and separate casting
are lifted to their forms hydraulic systems. bed then tilted and
final positions by As the concrete lifted into position
hydraulic jacks starts to set, the by a crane
and secured to forms are jacked
vertical supports up systematically
until the whole
structure is
completely
concreted
 Construction
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
System

LIFT SLAB SPANSTRESS SLIP FORM TILT-UP PANEL

• Floor and roof • Uses prestressed • Forms are set • Concrete walls are
slabs are cast one T-joist with filler about 1.50m in site-casted on the
on top of the other. blocks or height and are floor slab or on a
After curing, they collapsible steel fixed on jacks and separate casting
are lifted to their forms hydraulic systems. bed then tilted and
final positions by As the concrete lifted into position
hydraulic jacks starts to set, the by a crane
and secured to forms are jacked
vertical supports up systematically
until the whole
structure is
completely
concreted
 Construction
CONCRETE OVERVIEW
System

LIFT SLAB SPANSTRESS SLIP FORM TILT-UP PANEL

• Floor and roof • Uses prestressed • Forms are set • Concrete walls are
slabs are cast one T-joist with filler about 1.50m in site-casted on the
on top of the other. blocks or height and are floor slab or on a
After curing, they collapsible steel fixed on jacks and separate casting
are lifted to their forms hydraulic systems. bed then tilted and
final positions by As the concrete lifted into position
hydraulic jacks starts to set, the by a crane
and secured to forms are jacked
vertical supports up systematically
until the whole
structure is
completely
concreted