Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTERPRETATION
Quantitative data
In this type, data is shown in numbers and
those numbers can be large or small.
Qualitative data
Here the data is represented either in a verbal
or descriptive format.
DATA ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Here the researcher collects data from
subjects, uses statistical tools of percentage
and means and then represents it through a
graph.
CONTD.
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
Range
It is the distance between the highest score and the lowest score in a
distribution.
CONTD.
Standard Deviation
It is the most commonly used measure of variability that indicates the
average to which the scores deviate from the mean.
Correlation
It is the most common method of describing the relationship between
two measures.
t-test
This test is used to examine the difference between the means of two
independent groups.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
It is used to test the significance of differences between means of two or
more groups.
Chi-square
It is used to test hypotheses about the proportion of elements that fall
into various cells of a contingency table.
TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
Content Analysis:
It is a procedure used for categorizing verbal
or behavioral data for the purpose of
classification, summarization and tabulation.
It has two levels
Descriptive what is the data?
Interpretative: what was meant by the data?
CONTD.
Narrative Analysis
These are transcribed experiences. The
researcher has to sort-out and reflects up the
narrative aspects of every interviewee. He
enhances them and presents them in a
revised shape to the reader. It is used to
reformulate stories presented by people in
different contexts and based on their
different experiences.
CONTD.
Discourse Analysis
This method is used to analyze a spoken
interaction and all types of written texts. It
focuses on how people express themselves
verbally in their everyday social life.
CONTD.
Framework Analysis
Here the researcher familiarizes with the
data, Identifies a thematic framework, uses
numerical codes to identify specific piece of
data and prepares charts using headings from
thematic framework. Afterwards mapping
and interpretation is done up to search for
patterns, associations, concept explanations
in the data.
CONTD.
Grounded Theory:
It starts with an examination of a single case from a ‘pre-
defined’ population in order to formulate a general
statement (concept or a hypothesis) about a population.
Afterwards the analyst examines another case to see
whether the hypothesis fits the statement. If it does, a
further case is selected but if it doesn’t fit there are two
options: Either the statement is changed to fit both cases
or the definition of the population is changed in such a way
that the case is no longer a member of the newly defined
population. Then another case is selected and the process
continues. In such a way one should be able to arrive at a
statement that fits all cases of a population-as-defined.
DATA INTERPRETATION