MOMENTUM, CHANGE OF MOMENTUM,

ANGULAR MOMENTUM, IMPULSE

BUS 1303
BY Dr. Md. Nurul Islam Siddique
MOMENTUM
 linear momentum or translational
momentum (pl. momenta; SI unit kg m/s, or
equivalently, N s) is the product of the mass and velocity of
an object. For example, a heavy truck moving rapidly has a
large momentum—it takes a large or prolonged force to get
the truck up to this speed, and it takes a large or prolonged
force to bring it to a stop afterwards. If the truck were
lighter, or moving more slowly, then it would have less
momentum.
 Like velocity, linear momentum is a vector quantity,
possessing a direction as well as a magnitude: p = mv
 where p is the three-dimensional vector stating the object's
momentum in the three directions of three-dimensional
space, v is the three-dimensional velocity vector giving the
object's rate of movement in each direction, and m is the
object's mass.
 Linear momentum is also a conserved quantity, meaning
that if a closed system is not affected by external forces, its
total linear momentum cannot change.

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CHANGE OF MOMENTUM & IMPULSE
impulse (symbolized by J or Imp[1]) is the integral of a force, F, over
the time interval, t, for which it acts. Since force is a vector quantity,
impulse is also a vector in the same direction. Impulse applied to an object
produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in the
same direction.[2] The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (N·s), and
thedimensionally equivalent unit of momentum is the kilogram meter per
second (kg·m/s). The corresponding English engineering unitsare
the pound-second (lbf·s) and the slug-foot per second (slug·ft/s).
A resultant force causes acceleration and a change in the velocity of the
body for as long as it acts. A resultant force applied over a longer time
therefore produces a bigger change in linear momentum than the same
force applied briefly: the change in momentum is equal to the product of
the average force and duration. Conversely, a small force applied for a long
time produces the same change in momentum—the same impulse—as a
larger force applied briefly.
J = F (t2-t1)
The impulse is the integral of the resultant force (F) with respect to time:
J = ∫ Fdt
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
 Therefore, J = ∆P = mv2-mv1
 where Δp is the change in linear momentum from
time t1 to t2. This is often called the impulse-
momentum theorem.[5]
 As a result, an impulse may also be regarded as the
change in momentum of an object to which a
resultant force is applied. The impulse may be
expressed in a simpler form when the mass is
constant:
 where
 F is the resultant force applied,t1 and t2 are times
when the impulse begins and ends, respectively,m is
the mass of the object,v2 is the final velocity of the
object at the end of the time interval, andv1 is the
initial velocity of the object when the time interval
begins
PROBLEM

 1. A 3kg object travels with a velocity 4m/s to the

east. Then, its direction of motion and magnitude
of velocity are changed. Picture given below
shows the directions and magnitudes of
velocities. Find the impulse given to this object.

 4m/s 3m/s

 I=F.Δt=Δp=m.ΔV
 where ΔV=V2-V1=-3-4=-7m/s

 I=m.ΔV=3.(-7)=-21kg.m/s
 2. Ball having mass 4kg and velocity 8m/s travels
to the east. Impulse given at point O, makes it
change direction to north with velocity 6m/s. Find
the given impulse and change in the momentum.

P1=m.V1=4kg.8m/s=32kg.m/s
∆p P2=m.V2=4kg.6m/s=24kg.m/s
ΔP=P2+P1 (vector addition)
p2 ΔP2=P22+P12=m2(v22+v12)
ΔP2=16.100
o ΔP=40kg.m/s
p1 Impulse=change in momentum
I=ΔP=40kg.m/s
 3. Find the impulse and force which make 12m/s
change in the velocity of object having 16kg mass
in 4 s.
 F.Δt=ΔP=m.ΔV

 F.4s=16kg.12m/s

 F=48N

 F.Δt=Impulse=192kg.m/s
 4. A ball having mass 500g hits wall with a10m/s
velocity. Wall applies 4000 N force to the ball and
it turns back with 8m/s velocity. Find the time of
ball-wall contact.


 F.Δt=ΔP=m.ΔV=m.(V2-V1)
 -4000.Δt=0.5kg.(-8-10)

 Δt=0.00225s
 In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of
momentum or rotational momentum) is the
rotational analog of linear momentum. Angular
momentum is a vector quantity (more precisely,
a pseudovector) that represents the product of a
body's rotational inertia androtational velocity about
a particular axis.
 Fig shows an overhead view of two particles moving
at constant momentum along horizontal paths. With
momentum magnitude p1=5 kg.m/s, has position
vector r1 and will pass 2m from point o. With
momentum magnitude p2=2 kg.m/s, has position
vector r2 and will pass 4m from point o. What is the
net angular momentum L about point o of the two
particle system?
 l1=r1p1=2X5=10 kg.m2/s
 For vector product r1p1, This is a positive direction, consistent with
the counter clockwise rotation of the particles position vector r1
around o as particle 1 moves. Thus the angular momentum vector for
particle 1 is l1=+10kg.m2/s
 Similarly, l2=r2p2=4X2=8kg.m2/s
 For vector product r2p2, This is a negative direction, consistent with
the clockwise rotation of the particles position vector r2 around o as
particle 2 moves. Thus the angular momentum vector for particle 2
is l2=-8kg.m2/s
 The net angular momentum for the two particle system is
L=l1+l2=(10-8)=+2kg.m2/s

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 THANK YOU

Nov 29, 2012 Viva Defance- Md. Nurul Islam 36