Review of Related Literature

Research Methodology
Topics covered:
 What is RRL?
 The functions and purposes of RRL
 Styles or Approaches of RRL
 Format of Review Related Literature
 Tips in Writing the RRL
 Steps in Reviewing Literature
 APA Style
 Citation and Reference List
 Types of Sources
 Review of related literature
• This means reviewing and evaluating what has been done by
previous researchers on the topic.
• Literature review may vary in length. If your topic is in a
new field of research that has not been studied very much
then your literature review could be quite short.
• If you are doing research on a topic that has been
researched extensively then you will have to do a lot of
work.
Literature Review
 Is probably the section of a research paper or dissertation
that is the least well done.
 It is not a place for a discussion of methods.
 It is not a summary of few works that may have some
relevance to the topic of the paper or dissertation.
 It is not an introduction to the research question.
 It is not a place to discuss topics that do not seem to fit
into any other chapter or section.
 It is simply a survey of the significant or interesting
writing on a topic.
FUNCTIONS:
1. It shows your supervisor and anyone else who might
read your study that you have some knowledge of
the topic.
2. It san indicate those aspects of a research topic
that have been studied adequately and those that
have not.
3. It can warn you about some of the difficulties you
might encounter when doing the research.
PURPOSES:
1. Toobtain background knowledge of your
research
2. Torelate your study to the current condition or
situation of the world
3. Toshow the capacity of your research work to
introduce new knowledge
4. Toexpand, prove, or disprove the findings of
previews research studies
5. To increase your understand of the underlying
theories, principles or concepts of your research
6. To explain technical terms involved in your
research study
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the
kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of your research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on
certain topic
STYLES OR APPROACHERS OF RRL
1. Traditional review of literature
Conceptual review
Critical review
State of the art review
Expert review
Scoping review
2. Systematic review of literature
Have a clear understanding of the research
Plan your manner of obtaining the data
Do the literature search
Using a certain standard
Determine the methodological soundness
of the research studies
Summarize what you have gathered from
various sources of data
What to include in a Literature
Review?

It should go from the general to

the specific and from earlier to
later writings.
a.The general problem and the variables should be defined.
b. Every important data should be highlighted in effectively
discuss the problem or the variables such as the theory,
methodology, evidences, conclusions, or even gaps.
c. The criteria in selecting the literature should be
considered to assess which resources are pertinent and
should be included, and which are irrelevant and should
be removed.
a.Chosen approaches, conclusion of authors, specific
objective, and the like should be included.
b.Studies and literature should be summarized. For the
studies, primary consideration must be given to the result
of the studies that includes the variables.
In choosing the literature, the following should be considered:
i. Provenance. This refers to the author’s credentials and
the empirical basis of the article or literature.
ii. Objectivity. This refers to the rationality of every data
or facts cited.
iii. Persuasiveness. This refers to the degree of credibility
of the data.
iv. Value. This refers to the degree of the contributions of
the literature to clarify variables.
a. Major contributions of the studies or articles should be
summarized.
b. Current developments and new information should be
evaluated.
c. The review should be concluded by relating the
gathered data to the central theme or problem.
1.Sources, scholarly works, references, and other materials that are
refereed and indexed should to be used. Electronic sources should be
properly scrutinized since the contained information are sometimes
inaccurate or erroneous.
2.Each source should be selected based on its contribution to the topic
under review.
3.The relationship of one source in another should be described.
4.Interpretation should be done appropriately by looking into gaps of
previous research.
5.Conflicts or contradictions should be resolved.
6.Areas of prior scholarship should be identified.
7.One’s original work should be placed in the context of existing
literature.
 STEPS IN REVIEWING LITERATURE
1. Finding relevant materials
The library is a good source for reference materials such as journals,
textbooks,reference books, abstract of theses, dissertations, and computers with
internet access.
dissertation – a formal and lengthy discourse or treatise on some subject, esp.
one based on original research and written in partial fulfillment of requirements
for a doctorate.
2. Actual reading
After the preselection process, the researcher must thoroughly critique the
contents of the materials. Critiquing involves asking questions which at this stage
should focus on the variables.
critique – analyze and evaluate or criticize (a subject, literary work, etc.}.
 Some examples of questions to ask:
a. What variables are mentioned?
b. What are the characteristics or descriptions of the variables?
c. What relationship exists between the variables based on the
information given?
d. How can the information provided in this material be of use to my
research?
 3. Note-taking
It is suggested that the researcher prepare index cards on which to take
down notes before gathering or searching for reference materials for the
review of literature. The note-taking process is useful, especially when
the researcher is already synthesizing and compiling ideas from the
different references.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE OF
RESEARCH WRITING
Although it was in 1929 when the original APA style guidelines
were featured in a magazine write-up, it was only in 1959 when an
official APA style manual became publicly available.

FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE

1. Abbreviations. Avoid using abbreviations. However, if you need to
use an abbreviation or acronym that is recognized in your language
and you can find it in the dictionary, then you can use it.
 acronym – a word formed from the first (or first few) letters of
a series of words, as radar, from radio detecting and ranging.
FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE
2. Hyphenations. Do not separate and hyphenate words at the end of a
line. Rather, leave one line slightly short and put the complete word on
the next line; otherwise,proceed a couple of characters past the right
margin to adjust the complete word on the line.

3. Indentions. Indent paragraphs within the primary text of the paper one-
half inch if using a word processing program. However, do not indent in
these unique circumstances: the abstract, block quotations, figure
captions, notes, reference list entries, table titles, and titles or headings.

4. Margins. Use 1-inch margins on all four sides of the paper: top, bottom,
right, and left.
FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE
5. Page numbering. Number nearly every page in the paper, including the
title page.Put the number in the upper-right corner of the page, and use
only Arabic numbers. Put the number “1” on the title page and the
number “2” on the abstract page. Begin the main body of the text on page
number “3”. Do not number pages that consist of only statistics or
illustrations.

6. Paper type. Use regular white, 20-pound bond paper that has
measurements of 8.5 by 11 inches. If printing from a computer, use an
inkjet or laser printer to print the paper; if you must use a tractor-feed
printer, make sure to tear off the pinhole borders from the sides of the
paper.
FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE
7. Parentheses. Aim to restrict parentheses to separate or divide items that are
structurally independent, such as listing a number or illustration that is associated with a
sentence. If you are enclosing a full sentence in parentheses, position the punctuation
inside the parentheses. If you are enclosing only a piece of a sentence inside parentheses,
then place the punctuation outside the parentheses.
8. Punctuation. In most cases, use single space after all common punctuation marks, such
as periods, commas, colons, and semicolons. There are three exceptions to this norm: (1)
do not use a space after periods inside an abbreviation, such as whenwriting U.S. for
United States; (2) do not use a space after a colon in a ratio, such as4:7; and (3) some
professors like the outdated rule of using two spaces after period that end sentences. If
you are using Courier or another mono-space font, APA Style does not permit two spaces
between sentences, and one space is recommended.
FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE
9. Short title. A short title is a two- or three-word introduction of the main
title. Put it on every page in the top right corner, except for pages that
consist of only numbers or illustrations.The short title should appear
slightly to the left of the page number.
10. Slash mark. Do not use slash marks in your paper. For instance, rather
than writing“blue and/or purple”, it is better to write, *blue, purple, or
both”.
11. Spacing. Use double spacing throughout the whole paper, unless your
professor expressly asks for single spacing in specific situations, such as
with block quotations.
12. Text alignment. Always format the text flush left. Do not use the “full
justify” feature on your word processor’s toolbar because this will spread
the text fully across the paper and align sentences both left and right.
FORMATTING A PAPER USING THE APA STYLE

13. Title. Center the title on the title page, creating a combination of
uppercase and lowercase letters. If the title is long enough to warrant a
second line, double space between the lines. After the title, include your
name, followed by the college that you attend. If you do not belong to a
college, you can substitute the city and province. Double space between
each line on the title page. Put the number “1” in the upper right corner
of the title page.

14. Typeface. If using a word processor like MS-Word, opt for a Serif font,
such as Times New Roman. Use text in a 10- or 12-point size.
 APA Style
 Refers to the editorial style that many of the social and
behavioral sciences have adopted to present written material
in the field. APA Style was first developed in 1929 by a group of
social scientists who wished to establish sound standards of
communication. Since that time, it has been adopted by
leaders in many fields and has been used by writers around the
world. (https://www.apastyle.org/about-apa-style)
Citation– references within the main body
of the text, specifically in RRL.
Integral Citation

 Includes the author's name in the structure of your own text

using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc.
Ex: One study by Madlangbayan (2015) asserts…
Block/ Direct Quotation
 This citation pattern makes you copy the author's words
numbering 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is 8
lines
Example:

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time

citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed

to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.

References or Bibliography- a complete list of all reading
materials.
Reference list/ Bibliography
In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the
following:
1. author
2. year
3. title
4. source of the cited work
EXAMPLE:
Burns, N., & Grove, S.K. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Practice (Rev. ed).
Philadelphia: Springfield Publishers

Burns, N., & Grove, S.K. (2014). Financial Management:

Principles and Practice (Rev. ed). Philadelphia: Springfield
Publishers
 Reference type Template Example

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of

Journal article Ginto, F. L. (2018). Top CEOs on what it takes
article. Journal Title, Volume, page range. to make it big. Entrepreneur, 4, 32–37.
DOI

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of Burns, N., & Grove, S.K. (2014). Financial
Book book.DOI/URL/Publisher location: Publisher Management: Principles and Practice (Rev. ed).
Name. Philadelphia: Springfield Publishers

Palmado, J. (2016). Financial Management

Theses and Author, A. (year). Title of Thesis

(Unpublished Master’s Thesis).
Dissertation University/School Name and Address
Literacy of School Heads in DepEd Division of
Calamba City, Inputs to the Efficient
Implementation of TEA Governance
(Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Laguna College
of Business and Arts, Calamba City, Laguna

American Psychological Association. (2018).

Author. (year). Title of page. Retrieved
Website Date, from http://xxxxxxx
Basic APA style. Retrieved on October 28,
2018,from http://www.apa.org/about/division
/

The Consumer Act of The Philippines, RA 7394,

Name of Act, RA #, Article #, Retrieved from
Legal Bases http://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Article 6. Retrieved from
https://www.lawphil.net