Curves

Engineering Graphics
 CURVES
Conic sections
Ellipse
Eccentricity method
Arc of circles method
Concentric circles method
Loop of Thread method
Rectangular method
Parabola
Eccentricity method
Rectangular method
Tangent method
Hyperbola
Eccentricity method
Cycloids
cycloid
epicycloid
hypocycloid
Involute
 ECCENTRICITY METHOD
Eccentricity = 2/3
Focal distance 50 Now 11| as radius and F as center
5| Mark an arc on 11| on either sides of
VF/VO = 2/3 Of horizontal line to obtain points p1 and p1|
4| Now 22| as radius and F as center
Mark an arc on 22| on either sides of
3| p4
p3 p5 Of horizontal line to obtain points p2 and p2|
2| Now 33| as radius and F as center
Mark an arc on 33| on either sides of
p2 Of horizontal line to obtain points p3 and p3|
1|
Now 44| as radius and F as center
p1
Mark an arc on 44| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p4 and p4|
2 cm

3 cm
Now 55| as radius and F as center
V F Mark an arc on 55| on either sides of
O 5 cm 1 2 3 4 5 Of horizontal line to obtain points p5 and p5|

p1|

p2|
p3|
p4| p5|

Join P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and the rest of the points to obtain the required ellipse
 Arc of circles method
Major Axis = 150 mm
Minor Axis = 90 mm
p4
C
p3
p2
p1

A F1 F2

9 cm
B
1 2 3 4 1 5 c m6 7 8 9 10 11

p1|
p2|
p3|
p4|
D
C as center and AB/2 as radius mark arc on AB on either sides of CD to Locate F1 and F2

Divide AB into any number of divisions not necessarily equal and name them 1, 2, 3 and so on
Now A as center and and A1 as radius draw an arc on either sides of AB and B as center and 1B as radius cut the previous arc to obtain
points P1 and P1|
Now A as center and and A2 as radius draw an arc on either sides of AB and B as center and 2B as radius cut the previous arc to obtain
points P2 and P2|
Similarly try to find the other points as well for points 3, 4, 5, and so on
Major Axis = 150 mm Concentric circles method
Minor Axis = 90 mm
3|

2| 4|

p3 C
1| 3 p4 5|
p2 2
4

1
p1 5 p5

A
9 cm
12 6 B 6|
12|
p12 15 cm p6

7
p11 p7
11

8
11| p10 10 p8 7|
9
p9 D

10| 8|

9|
 ECCENTRICITY METHOD PARABOLA
5|
Eccentricity = 1
Focal distance 40 Now 11| as radius and F as center
4| p5 Mark an arc on 11| on either sides of
VF/VO = 1 Of horizontal line to obtain points p1 and p1|
p4
3| Now 22| as radius and F as center
p3
Mark an arc on 22| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p2 and p2|
2| p Now 33| as radius and F as center
2
Mark an arc on 33| on either sides of
1|
Of horizontal line to obtain points p3 and p3|
Now 44| as radius and F as center
p1
Mark an arc on 44| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p4 and p4|
2 cm

2 cm
Now 55| as radius and F as center
O V F Mark an arc on 55| on either sides of
4 cm 1 2 3 4 5 Of horizontal line to obtain points p5 and p5|

p1|

p2|

p3|
p4|
p5|
Join P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and the rest of the points to obtain the required ellipse
 RECTANGULAR METHOD PARABOLA

Height of the parabola – 100

Width of parabola -120 D C

3|

10 cm
2|

1|

1 2 3
A B
12 cm
 RECTANGULAR METHOD PARABOLA

Height of the parabola – 150

Width of parabola -120 D C

3|

15 cm
2|

1|

1 2 3
A B
12 cm
 TANGENT METHOD PARABOLA

Height of the parabola – 75 D

Width of parabola -120

7 1|

6 2|

5 3|

4|

15 cm
4
C

3 5|

7 .5 c m
2 6|

1 7|

A B
12 cm
 5|

p5 ECCENTRICITY METHOD - HYPERBOLA

4|
Eccentricity = 3/2 p4
Focal distance 50 Now 11| as radius and F as center
3| Mark an arc on 11| on either sides of
VF/VO = 3/2 p3
Of horizontal line to obtain points p1 and p1|
2| Now 22| as radius and F as center
p2
Mark an arc on 22| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p2 and p2|
1| Now 33| as radius and F as center
p1 Mark an arc on 33| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p3 and p3|
Now 44| as radius and F as center
Mark an arc on 44| on either sides of
Of horizontal line to obtain points p4 and p4|
2 cm
Now 55| as radius and F as center
V 1 F Mark an arc on 55| on either sides of
O 5 cm 2 3 4 5 Of horizontal line to obtain points p5 and p5|

p1|

p2|
p3|
Join P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and the rest of the points to obtain the required ellipse

p4|
p5|
 CYCLOIDS

4 p4

p3 p5
5 3

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 p6 c8
c p2
6 2

p7
p1 1
7
p
1| 2| 3| 4| 6| 7| p|
5|
πd
 Directing circle diameter (R)- 180
Generating circle diameter (r) – 60
Included angle – 2π (r/R)= 2π (60/180)
p4

p3 p5

c3 c4
c5
c2 c6
p2
3
2 p6
c1 c7
4
1
p7
c p1 c8
5

p8
p
6
7

c
 INVOLUTE
p6

p5 p7

p4 4
3 5

2 c 6

p3 7
1
p 4| p|
p2 p1 1| 2| 3| 5| 6| 7|
πd
 Arc of circles method
Major Axis = 150 mm N|
Minor Axis = 90 mm T
p4
C
p3
p2
P
p1
T|

A F1 F2 B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

N
p1|
p2|
p3|
p4|
D
Having drawn the ellipse locate the point at which the tangent has to be drawn, Let P be the point

Step 1: Join PF1 and PF2

Step 2: Bisect Angle PF1F2 let the bisector be NN| ; NN| will be the Normal
Step 3: Draw a line perpendicular to NN| at P TT| ; TT| will be the required Tangent
 ECCENTRICITY METHOD
X
5|

4|
3| p4
p3 p5 P
2|
p2
1|
p1
X|

V F
O 1 2 3 4 5

p1|

p2|
p3|
p4| p5|

Having drawn the ellipse locate point P at which the tangent has to be drawn
Join PF and draw perpendicular to PF such that it meets directrix at X
Join P with X and extend further to X| so that XX| is the required tangent
 CYCLOIDS

4 p4

p3 p5
5 3
P

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 p6 c8
c p2 c|
6 2
T|
p7
p1 1
7
p X
1| 2| 3| 4| 6| 7| p|
5|
πd

Having drawn the Cycloid locate point P at which the tangent has to be drawn
With P as center and radius equals to radius of circle mark an arc on the locus of the center line c|
Drop a perpendicular line from c| on to the ground line let the point be X and Join PX
PX will be the normal of the curve and draw a line perpendicular to the PX TT| at P to get the tangent
 T

INVOLUTE
p6
P

p5 p7

T|

p4 4
3 5

2 c 6
N
p3 7
1
p 1 2 3 4 πd p
p2 p1 | | | | 5 6 7 |
| | |

Having drawn the involute locate point P at which the tangent has to be drawn
Join CP and CP as diameter construct a semicircle and let N be the point at which the semicircle intersect the circle

Join NP to get the normal of the curve and draw a line perpendicular to the NP at P to get the tangent TT|