Electricity

Electric Charge and
Electric Field
Lecture edited by
PowerPoint® Lectures for Dr. MD NURUL
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Introduction
• Water makes life possible
as a solvent for biological
molecules. What electrical
properties allow it to do
this?
• We now begin our study
of electromagnetism, one
of the four fundamental
forces in Nature.
• We start with electric
charge and electric fields.

Goals for Chapter 21
• Study electric charge & charge conservation
• Learn how objects become charged
• Calculate electric force between objects using

Coulomb’s law
F = k|q1q2|/r2 = (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• Learn distinction between electric force and

electric field
Goals for Chapter 21
• Calculate the electric

field due to many
charges
• Visualize and interpret

electric fields
• Calculate the
properties of electric
dipoles

Electric charge
• Two positive or two

negative charges repel
each other.
A positive charge and a

negative charge attract
each other.
• Check out:
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=45AAIl9_lsc

Electric charge

Electric charge

each other.
A positive charge and a

negative charge attract
each other.

Electric charge

each other.
A positive charge and

a negative charge
attract each other.
• Check out Balloons in
PhET simulations

Electric charge and the structure of matter
• The particles of the

atom are the negative
electron, the positive
proton, and the
uncharged neutron.

You should know this already: Atoms and ions
• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.

• A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.
A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.

You should know this already: Atoms and ions

Conservation of charge
• Proton & electron have same

magnitude charge.


magnitude charge.
• All observable charge is

quantized in this unit.
“½ e”


magnitude charge.
• Universal principle of charge

conservation states algebraic
sum of all electric charges in
any closed system is constant.
+3e – 5e +12e – 43e = -33 e

Conductors and insulators
• A conductor permits the
easy movement of charge
through it. An insulator
does not.
• Most metals are good

conductors, while most
nonmetals are insulators.

• A conductor permits the easy movement of charge

through it.
• An insulator does not.

• Semiconductors are
intermediate in their
properties between good
conductors and good
insulators.

Charging by induction
• Start with UNCHARGED conducting ball…

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

• The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.

• Now connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)
• What happens?

• Now connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)
• Conductor allows electrons to flow from ball to ground…

• Connect the conductor to the ground (or neutral “sink”)

• The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.

Electric forces on uncharged objects
• The charge within an insulator can shift slightly. As a result, an
electric force *can* be exerted upon a neutral object.

Electrostatic painting
• Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the
negatively charged paint droplets. Check out
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=zTwkJBtCcBA&NR=1

Electrostatic painting

Q21.1
When you rub a plastic rod with fur, the plastic rod becomes
negatively charged and the fur becomes positively charged.
As a consequence of rubbing the rod with the fur,
A. the rod and fur both gain mass.
B. the rod and fur both lose mass.
C. the rod gains mass and the fur loses mass.
D. the rod loses mass and the fur gains mass.
E. none of the above

A21.1
When you rub a plastic rod with fur, the plastic rod becomes
negatively charged and the fur becomes positively charged.
As a consequence of rubbing the rod with the fur,
A. the rod and fur both gain mass.
B. the rod and fur both lose mass.
C. the rod gains mass and the fur loses mass.
D. the rod loses mass and the fur gains mass.
E. none of the above

Q21.2
A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

on an electrically neutral piece of paper. This is because
A. electrons are less massive than atomic nuclei.

B. the charges within the molecules of an insulating
material can shift slightly.
C. an atomic nucleus occupies only a small part of
the volume of an atom.
D. a typical atom has many electrons but only one
nucleus.

A21.2
A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

on an electrically neutral piece of paper. This is because
A. electrons are less massive than atomic

nuclei.
B. the charges within the molecules of an
insulating material can shift slightly.
C. an atomic nucleus occupies only a small part
of the volume of an atom.
D. a typical atom has many electrons but only
one nucleus.

Coulomb’s law – Electric FORCE
• The magnitude of electric

force between two point
charges is directly
proportional to the
product of their charges
and
inversely proportional
to the square of the
distance between them.

Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• A VECTOR
• Magnitude
• Direction
• Units
Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
|F| = k|q1q2|/r2
• “k” = 9 x 109 Newton

meter2/Coulomb2
• “k” = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2

Coulomb’s law
• Mathematically:
|F| = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2
• 0 = 8.85 x 10 – 12 C2/Nm2
0 = “Electric Permittivity of Free Space”

Measuring the electric force between point charges
Example 21.1 compares the

electric and gravitational
forces.
An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

between two alpha particles and their
gravitational attraction

DRAW the VECTORS!!
An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg

and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Compare the magnitude of the electric repulsion

between two alpha particles and their
gravitational attraction

An alpha particle has mass

m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg and
charge q = +2e =
3.2 x 10-19 C.
Fe/Fg = ?
Remember Fg = Gm1m2/r2 & G= 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
G is the universal gravitational constant

An alpha particle has mass m

= 6.64 x 10-27 kg and charge
q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Fe/Fg = 3.1 x 1035!!!!

Force between charges along a line
• Example 21.2 for two charges:
Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

separated by r = 3.0 cm.
What is the Force of q1 on q2?



Step 1: Force is a vector – create a coordinate

system FIRST!


separated by r = 3.0 cm. What is the Force of q1 on
q2? What is the force of q2 on q1?


separated by r = 3.0 cm. What is the Force of q1 on
q2? What is the force of q2 on q1?

F of q1 on q2 = F12 = 0.019N <-x>
Note: Newton’s third law applies to the

electric force. Even though the charges
F12 have different magnitudes, the magnitude
of the force that q1 exerts on q2 is the
same as the magnitude of the force that
exerts q2 on q1 , and these two forces are
in opposite directions.
x
• Example 21.3 for three charges:
Two point charges, q1 = +1.0nC at x = +2.0 cm, and

q2 = -3.0 nC at x = +4.0 cm. What is the Force of q1
and q2 on q3 = + 5.0 nC at x = 0?

• Example 21.3 for three charges:
Two point charges, q1 = +1.0nC at x = +2.0 cm, and

q2 = -3.0 nC at x = +4.0 cm. What is the Force of q1
and q2 on q3 = + 5.0 nC at x = 0?


Vector addition of electric forces
• Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.
Two equal positive charges, q1 = q2 = +2.0mC are

located at x=0, y = 0.30 m and x=0, y = -.30 m
respectively.
What is the Force of q1 and q2 on Q = + 5.0 mC

at x = 0.40 m, y = 0?




Electric field
• A charged body produces an electric field in the space around it

Electric field
• We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.

Electric field
• We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.

21.2 Fields and forces
The concept of a field is used to describe any quantity that
has a value for all points in space.
You can think of the field as the way forces are transmitted
between objects.
Charge creates an electric field that creates forces on other
charges.

Mass creates a gravitational field that exerts
forces on other masses.

Gravitational forces are far weaker than electric

forces.

21.2 Drawing the electric field

21.2 Electric fields and electric force
On the Earth’s surface, the gravitational field creates 9.8 N
of force on each kilogram of mass.
With gravity, the strength of the field is in newtons per
kilogram (N/kg) because the field describes the amount
of force per kilogram of mass.

21.2 Electric fields and electric force
With the electric field, the strength is in newtons per coulomb

(N/C).
The electric field describes the amount of force per coulomb
of charge.

Definition of the electric field
• The electric force on a charged body is exerted by
the electric field created by other charged bodies.
• E fields are VECTOR fields – and solutions to
problems require magnitude, direction, and units.

We call the location of the charge the source point, and we call the
point where we are determining the field the field point.

– Need Coordinate System for direction!
– Need Units Force/Charge = Newtons/Coulomb = N/C
– E = (kq0q/r2)/q0 = (kq/r2) (-r direction!) N/C
It is also useful to introduce a unit vector that

points along the line from source point to
field point. This unit vector is equal to the
displacement vector from the
source point to the field point, divided by the
distance between these two
points; that is,

If we place a small test charge q0 at the field point P, at a

distance r from the source point, the magnitude of the force
is given by Coulomb’s law
The magnitude E of the electric field at P

is

Electric field of a point charge
• E fields from positive charges point AWAY from the charge

Electric field of a point charge
• E fields point TOWARDS a negative charge:

Electric field calculation

Electric-field vector of a point charge
• Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
• Charge of -8.0 nC at
origin.
What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?

• What is E field at P =
(Px,Py) = (1.2, -1.6)?
The distance from to is
Then

Two point charges are separated by 25.0cm (Fig. E21.31).
Find the net electric field these charges produce at (a) point
and A (b) point B (c) What would be the magnitude and
direction of the electric force this combination of charges
would produce on a proton at A?

(a) The electric fields due to the charges at point A are shown in Figure

(b)The electric fields at points B are shown in Figure
Since the fields are in the same direction, we add their

magnitudes to find the net field.
to the right

Ohm’s Law is an assertion that the current through a device
is always directly proportional to the potential difference
applied to the device.
A conducting material obeys Ohm’s law when the resistivity
of the material is independent of the magnitude and
direction of the applied electric field. V = RI, Where, V =
potential difference, R= registance, I= current.
An emf source of 6.0V is connected to a purely resistive
lamp and a current of 2.0 amperes flows. All the wires are
resistance-free. What is the resistance of the lamp?
V = RI
R= V/I
=3Ὠ

Electricity

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Electric Charge and

Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Learn how objects become charged

• Calculate electric force between objects using

• Learn distinction between electric force and

• Calculate the electric

• Visualize and interpret

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and a

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and a

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Two positive or two

A positive charge and

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• The particles of the

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Proton & electron have same

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Proton & electron have same

• All observable charge is

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Proton & electron have same

• Universal principle of charge

+3e – 5e +12e – 43e = -33 e

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Most metals are good

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• A conductor permits the easy movement of charge

• An insulator does not.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Start with UNCHARGED conducting ball…

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Bring a negatively charged rod near – but not touching.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

A. electrons are less massive than atomic nuclei.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

A positively charged piece of plastic exerts an attractive force

A. electrons are less massive than atomic

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• The magnitude of electric

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• “k” = 9 x 109 Newton

• “k” = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2