CIS 187 CCNP SWITCH

Chapter 1: Fundamentals Review

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu
Ch. 1 Basic Switching Concepts
This chapter covers the following basic switching topics as a review to
CCNA and serves as a teaser for topics covered later in chapter:
 Hubs and switches
 Bridges and switches
 Switches of today
 Broadcast domains
 MAC addresses
 The basic Ethernet frame format
 Basic switching function
 VLANs
 The Spanning Tree Protocol
 Trunking
 Port channels
 Multilayer switching (MLS)
2
Switching

 LAN switching – Legacy term

 LAN Functional Areas
 Campus Networks (Focus of this book)
 L2 and L3 hierarchical design
 Data Centers (Evolving)
 Focus on applications, software defined networking (SDN)
 Technologies involved: Fabric Path, Dynamic Fabric
Allocation (DFA), and Application Centric Infrastructure
(ACI) 3
 Hubs
 Legacy
 Layer 1 devices
 Multi-port repeaters Collision
 Shared bandwidth
 Based on legacy
bus topology
 CSMA/CD
 Single collision
domain
Sending host

Receiving host 4
Switches

 Layer 2 devices
 Also operates at layer 1
 Full duplex
 Dedicated bandwidth

5
 Bridges and
Switches

 A switch uses an algorithm from a ‘previously’ common networking

device: a transparent bridge…
 Learns MAC addresses which makes forwarding decisions
transparent to the host
 Can handle frames much faster than a transparent bridge because
of special hardware and architecture
 Switch is a device creating instantaneous connections between various
ports, on a frame-by-frame basis.
 Old term bridge – Transparent and translational bridges 6
Switches Today
 Application intelligence: This helps networks recognize many types of applications
and secure and prioritize those applications to provide the best user experience.
 Image Unified network services: Combining the best elements of wireless and wired
networking allows you to consistently connect to any resource or person with any
device. 10 Gigabit Ethernet technology and Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology
support new applications and devices.
 Image Nonstop communications: Features such as redundant hardware, and nonstop
forwarding and stateful switchover (NSF/SSO) technology support more-reliable
connections.
 Image Integrated security: LAN switches provide the first line of defense against
internal network attacks and prevent unauthorized intrusion.
 Image Operational manageability: To more easily manage the network, IT staff must
be able to remotely configure and monitor network devices from a central location.

7
MAC Addresses

8
Ethernet Frame Size

 Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards define:

 Minimum frame size as 64 bytes
 Maximum as 1518 bytes
 "collision fragment" or "runt frame” – Frame less than 64 bytes
 If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater than the
maximum, the receiving device drops the frame
Ethernet Frame Size

 In 1998, IEEE 802.3ac standard extended the maximum allowable frame

size to 1522 bytes.
 Increased to accommodate a technology called Virtual Local Area Network
(VLAN).
 VLANs will be presented in a later course.
 5.2.1.4 - MAC
Address Tables
on Connected
Switches
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

A B C
X MAC
00-0D

MAC
00-0A
MAC
00-0B
MAC
00-0C
X
Destination MAC Source MAC
Type Data FCS
00-0B 00-0A
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
Internet
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Source MAC

Type Data FCS
00-0A 00-0B
5.2.1.5 - Sending
a Frame to the
Default Gateway
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A
MAC
B
MAC
X MAC
C

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A
MAC
B
MAC
X MAC
C

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A
MAC
B
MAC
X MAC
C

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
00-0D
A
MAC
B
MAC
X MAC
X
C

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Destination IP address on a FCS
00-0D 00-0A remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a FCS
00-0A 00-0D remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a FCS
00-0A 00-0D remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a FCS
00-0A 00-0D remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a FCS
00-0A 00-0D remote network
S1 MAC Address Table S2 MAC Address Table
Port MAC Address Port MAC Address
1 00-0A 1 00-0A
3 00-0B 4 00-0D
Internet
4 00-0D

S1 1 2 3 4 S2 1 2 3 4 1 Router
2

MAC
A B C 00-0D

MAC MAC MAC

00-0A 00-0B 00-0C

Destination MAC Data

Source MAC
Type Source IP address on a FCS
00-0A 00-0D remote network
 5.3.2.3 - ARP
Operation - ARP
Request
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 The target IPv4 is not me.
192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
The target IPv4 is not me. Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B The target IPv4 is me!
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 5.3.2.4 - ARP
Operation - ARP
Reply
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B The target IPv4 is me!
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.50 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 Here is my MAC
192.168.1.120 address for the IPv4
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address address you were
looking for!

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 Here is my MAC
192.168.1.120 address for the IPv4
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address address you were
looking for!

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Sender IPv4 Sender MAC
00-0A 00-0C 192.168.1.50 00-0C
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.50 00-0C
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
00-0C 00-0A 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
5.3.2.5 - ARP Role
in Remote
Communication
 192.168.1.120
B MAC 00-0B

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 The target IPv4 is not me.

192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address The target IPv4 is not me.

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

The target IPv4 is 192.168.1.50

192.168.1.110
for me! 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
MAC 00-0A
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Request
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
FF-FF 00-0A 192.168.1.1 ???
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Here is my MAC address for
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
the IPv4 address you were MAC 00-0D
looking for! Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-0A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address

A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-0A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1
Ethernet Header ARP Reply
Destination MAC Source MAC Target IPv4 Target MAC
00-00A 00-0D 192.168.1.1 00-0D
Ethernet Header IP Packet
On Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
Hold ??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
??? 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 192.168.1.120
PC-A’s ARP Cache B MAC 00-0B
IPv4 Address MAC Address
192.168.1.1 00-0D
A C

192.168.1.110 192.168.1.50
MAC 00-0A 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0C
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1 MAC 00-0D
Internet
R1

Ethernet Header IP Packet

Destination MAC Source MAC Source IP Destination IP
00-0D 00-0A 192.168.1.110 10.1.1.10
 It’s all about the IPv4 Address
Emmalia, you are in my Rick
neighborhood so I can Santa Cruz, Ca
take the letter to you!

Emmalia
Lucia, I see by your Santa Cruz, Ca
address that you are
somewhere else. So I Rick
have to take your letter Santa Cruz, Ca
to the Post Office.

Lucia
Capitola, Ca Emmalia
Santa Cruz, Ca
 Even if two houses are on the same street, you only know the
63
 Understanding IPv4 communications
192.168.10.0/24 A MAC MAC B 192.168.10.0/24
Subnet aa.aa bb.bb Subnet
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.11
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS
bb.bb aa.aa DA 192.168.10.11
 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 A knows that it is on the 192.168.10.0/24 subnet (AND operation with its IP address and
subnet mask). (Same subnet = Same subnet mask)
 A knows that B (192.168.1.11) is on its same subnet (AND operation with B’s IP address
and A’s subnet mask) SAME Subnet
A 192.168.10.10 A can reach B B 192.168.10.11
AND 255.255.255.0 directly without AND 255.255.255.0
-------------------- going through a --------------------
192.168.10.0 router 192.168.10.0
 Understanding IPv4 communications
192.168.10.0/24 A MAC MAC C 192.168.20.0/24
Subnet aa.aa cc.cc Subnet
192.168.10.10 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS
DA 192.168.20.12
 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 A knows that it is on the 192.168.10.0/24 subnet (AND operation with its IP address and
subnet mask) (Same subnet = Same subnet mask)
 A knows that C (192.168.20.12) is on a different subnet (AND operation with B’s IP
address and A’s subnet mask) – Can’t get there directly!
A 192.168.10.10 DIFFERENT Subnets B 192.168.20.12
AND 255.255.255.0 A can NOT reach B AND 255.255.255.0
-------------------- directly. Must go --------------------
192.168.10.0 through a router 192.168.20.0
 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.20.0/24
Subnet Subnet
A MAC MAC MAC MAC C
aa.aa 11.11 22.22 cc.cc
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.1 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS
11.11 aa.aa DA 192.168.20.12
Destination Address Source Address Type IP FCS
cc.cc 22.22 DA 192.168.20.12
 A sends packet to devices in a DIFFERENT subnet directly to a router which is on the
same subnet as A.
 The router will take care of it from there.
192.168.10.10 DIFFERENT Subnets 192.168.20.11
AND 255.255.255.0 A can NOT reach B AND 255.255.255.0
-------------------- directly. Must go --------------------
192.168.10.0 through a router 192.168.20.0
 Understanding IPv4 communications
A B

192.168.10.10 192.168.10.11
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 Note: IPv6 does not
use this method.
Router sends an a
A C prefix with an on-link
bit set to 1 indicating
192.168.10.10 192.168.20.12 the prefix is "on-
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 link".

A C
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.1 192.168.20.1 192.168.20.12
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
 Devices can only communicate with other devices on the same subnet
 Otherwise, they must go through a router, that is on its same subnet
VLANs

 Switches decide on a frame-by-frame which ports exchange data.

 Switches designed with a logic that allow ports to be logically
grouped
 This ports groupings are called Virtual LANs
 VLANs are also determine the boundaries of the broadcast
communications.
 Need a router (or multilayer switch) to route between VLANs 68
No VLANs
Needed

 VLANs are not required to have multiple subnets on a single switch.

 VLANs provide broadcast segmentation and a layer of security
between VLANs

69
VLAN Trunks

 A port on a switch normally belongs to only one VLAN

 A trunk port is a port that can be configured to send/receive traffic for multiple
VLANs.
 Trunking is a mechanism that is most often used to allow multiple VLANs to
function independently across multiple switches.
 Routers and servers can use trunking, as well.
 A point-to-point link that carries more than one VLAN.
 It accomplishes this when it attaches VLAN information to each frame, a process
called tagging the frame.
 Extend VLANs across multiple switches
 Cisco supports 802.1Q standard
70
 Some older switches support legacy Cisco ISL
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

 The switch forwarding algorithm floods unknown and broadcast frames

out of all ports in the same VLAN as the received frame
 If the networking devices connected together in a physical loop, flooded
frames are passed from switch-to-switch forever.
 There is a benefit to a physical loop in a network as it can provide
redundancy.
 Spanning-Tree protocol identify and temporarily and dynamically block
the physical loops in a network. 71
Port Channel

 Port channels (EtherChannels) – Technique used to group multiple ports

to work as one unit.
 Makes use of redundant links to provide additional bandwidth.
 Port channels distribute traffic across all the links and provide
redundancy if one or more links fail.
 Normally, spanning tree would block all of these parallel connections
between devices because they are loops.
 But port channels run underneath spanning tree, so that spanning tree
thinks all the ports within a given port channel are only a single port.
72
Multilayer
Switching

 Multilayer switching (MLS) is the ability of a switch to forward

frames based on information in the Layer 3 and sometimes Layer
4 header
 The most important aspect to MLS is recognizing that switches
can route or switch frames at wire-rate speeds using specialized
hardware.
 This effectively bundles the routing function into the switch and is
specifically useful for routing between VLANs in the core of the
network. 73
 CIS 187 CCNP SWITCH
Chapter 1: Fundamentals Review
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
graziani@cabrillo.edu