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MME 9617A
Eric Savory
www.eng.uwo.ca/people/esavory/mme9617a.htm
Function:
1. Recuperative: two fluids separated by a solid
wall (this is the most common type)
2. Evaporative: enthalpy of evaporation of one
fluid is used to heat or cool the other fluid
(condensers/evaporators and boilers)
3. Regenerative: use a third material which
stores/releases heat
Q U A T
T2 T1
T F
ln T2 / T1
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient [ W/m2-oC ]
A = Effective heat transfer surface area [ m2 ]
F = Geometry correction factor
T = Log mean temperature difference
Otherwise, the Effectiveness () – Number of
Transfer Units (NTU) method may be used:
Q UA
NTU
Q max m
Cmin
General Formulation for Heat Exchanger
Analysis (LMTD-method)
Most heat exchangers are characterized relative to a
double-pipe heat exchanger (H = Hot, C = Cold):
T1
T2
We now want to derive the expression for LMTD
for a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger.
This will be done by considering the first law (for
counter flow):
First globally:
T2 T1
QUA
T2
ln
T1
Effectiveness:
Actual heat transfer Q
Theoretical max . heat transfer Q max
UA
NTU
m
Cmin
Minimum thermal capacity
max. temp. difference
In general:
Let m
CH m
Cmin
and m
Cmin m
CH
R
m
Cmax m
CC
m
CC m
Cmin
then
m
Cmin m
CC
R
m
Cmax m
CH
NTU 1 R
1 e
NTU 1 R
1 R e
Counter flow Parallel flow
m
CC m
CH m
CC m
CH
Similar expressions are used for other types of
geometry.
• Problem #1
– Given the entrance temperature of the two
streams, given one exit temperature;
– Find heat transfer area, A.
• Problem #2
– Given entrance temperature of the two
streams, given the heat transfer area, A;
– Find the exit temperatures of the two
streams.
Objective: Calculation procedure and advantages
/ disadvantages of:
Double pipe
Shell and tube
Cross flow heat exchangers
Disadvantage:
Disadvantages:
Q U A T
T2 T1
T F
ln T2 / T1
= +
Heat exchanger correction factor plot for two shell
passes and twice an even number of tube passes
For n-shell passes with an even number of tubes:
Q U A T
T2 T1
T F
ln T2 / T1
Disadvantages:
- high manufacturing costs
- very heavy
- extremely high pressure losses.
Examples of compact heat exchangers
To solve problems involving design and selection
(sizing) of compact heat exchangers it is first
required to find the effective pressure (static)
loss. This loss can be shown, based on
fundamental heat transfer principles, to be
directly related to the heat transfer rate based on
Colburn’s analogy:
f 2
jH St Pr 3
8
f – friction factor, St – Stanton number,
Pr – Prandtl number and jH = Colburn factor
These calculations can be quite involved and so
most design or sizing applications use data in
tables and graphs.
DH G m
Re G
Ac
V1 G2 2 V2 A Vm
p 1 1 f
2 V1 A c V1
p = pressure loss through heat exchanger
Vm = (V2 + V1) / 2
Overall heat transfer coefficient UA is computed
from:
1 1 1
U A h A c h A h
(h A)h = hot fluid
(h A)c = cold fluid
A = effective heat transfer area
Q U A T
Heat transfer and friction factor for a finned flat tube
heat exchanger
Heat transfer and friction factor for a finned circulator-tube
heat exchanger (details on next slide)
Summary
Summary of effectiveness equations
= +
Heat exchanger Effectiveness:
type:
Example questions
Example 1 – Finned flat tube heat exchanger
= 1.1774 kg/m3
= 1.983 x 10-5 kg/ms
Cp = 1.0057 kJ/KgoC
Pr = 0.708
Example 2 – Shell and tube heat exchanger