LADDER DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 3
NOR ZIHAN BINTI MAT JINAN
HB170094
LADDER DIAGRAM ???

 The ladder diagram or electrical schematic or elementary diagram

can be divided into two distinct portions.
 The first is the power portion and the second is the control.
 Showing flow of power to a motor or other device in a factory
environment is the primary focus of the power portion.
 Showing control of that motor is the focus of the control portion.
 While power flow is important, the focus is to dissect the control
portion. Items such as fuses and disconnect devices may appear in
both power and control circuits.
 The use of symbols is important for both power and control. The types
of symbols vary and are somewhat arbitrary based on where you are
located and, in some cases, the company you work for.
 This is contrary to the symbols used in the PLC which must be fixed or
uniform.
3.1 CONTROL SYMBOL
3.1 CONTROL SYMBOL
3.1 CONTROL SYMBOL
 3.2 SWITCHES SYMBOLS
The push button switch is the component used to display the signal
electricity. Press button switch is divided into THREE: -

a) Push Button switches (Normally Open / NO)

• By pressing the push button head, the touch (NO) will be active and
the circuit becomes closed. After the press button head is released,
spring pull back (return spring) will return the set of contacts to the
original position.
3.2 SWITCHES SYMBOLS
b) Push Button Switches (Normally Close / NC)

• By pressing the push button head, the touch (NC) will be active and
the circuit becomes open. After the push button head is released,
spring pull back (return spring) will be returned a set of contacts to
the original position.
3.2 SWITCHES SYMBOLS
c) Suis Butang Tekan Sesentuh Tukaran
• By pressing the push button, the turn contacts become active and the
circuit open, closed open pit. After the push button head releases, pull
spring (spring back) will return a set of contacts to original position.
3.3 RELAY CONTACT, INDICATORS,
RELAY COIL AND SOLENIOD

 Relays are components for processing electrical signals.

 Relays are widely used extensively in electrical and electronic circuits

remote controlled, mechanical switches to change the situation open
(off) and closed (on) or used in logic function.

 Relay switches are classified as: -

a. Single-pole,
b. Single-troe,
c. Double-pole,
d. Double-troe
 A relay will open when the electric current passes through it, this
condition is called contact is always open (N / O). A relay will be open
when there is no electrical current determined via relay, this condition is
called the contact is always closed (N / C).
3.3 RELAY CONTACT, INDICATORS,
RELAY COIL AND SOLENIOD
Relay used:
a. Turn on high current / voltage by using low current / voltage
(as a power supply).
b. Have a great deal of contact, perfect for controlling more than one
output (load).
c. Using low power for high power control.
3.3 RELAY CONTACT, INDICATORS,
RELAY COIL AND SOLENIOD

INDICATORS is very much needed for a student to know whether the

circuit is good, can be used, lived or died and so on. In motor control
systems, drive tools are widely used for safety, quality, limits or any
motor system. Each INDICATOR has different tasks and builds according
to the suitability of the place where it is used.
3.4 STANDARD CONTROL DIAGRAM AND
BASIC PROCEDURED FOR LADDER
DESIDN
Ladder circuits have some common characteristics. They are:

1. Power bar on the far left

2. Current flow from the switches combined to allow flow.
3. One or more relay coils at the right
4. Neutral or negative power bar on the right

The following circuit shows a typical ladder rung with switches and relays
on the left and the relay on the right:
 3.4 STANDARD CONTROL DIAGRAM AND
BASIC PROCEDURED FOR LADDER
DESIDN
 The control voltage for the system usually is fed from a control transformer
that is fed from the power portion of the drawing or from a separate source.
 It is important to identify the source of power for each circuit. In many
instances, more than one source exists and the power may not be off to all
circuits when checking a problem with a specific circuit.
 Rails usually are protected from over-current conditions with a circuit breaker
of fuse. Ladder drawings may continue from page to page.
 The rail is shown as continuing from one page to the next usually with an
arrow or number with corresponding number on the succeeding page, same
position, at the top of the rail feeding the succeeding page.

shows a ladder rung. When

the pushbutton (PB) is
pushed, the circuit is
completed and current flows
energizing the coil (CR1).
3.5 TWO WIRE AND THREE WIRE
CONTROL SYSTEM
 The most common use of 3 wire control is a Start/Stop control.
 See image below for an example of 3 wire control being used to pull in a
contactor to start a 3 phase motor. When you press the start button and
the stop button is not pressed, the 24VDC relay energizes and it pulls in
the R1 contactor that feeds three phase power to the motor.
 It also pulls in a contact that is tied in parallel with the start button giving
it another path for current flow once your release the start button. This
"latches" the relay until the stop button is pressed.
3.5 TWO WIRE AND THREE WIRE
CONTROL SYSTEM
3.6 OPERATION AND FUNCTION OF
START-STOP CIRCUIT
• When Button 2 is depressed
current flow through the relay
coil interrupted.
• The relay is said to be
unlatched and it returns to its
normal state where both N.O.
contacts are open.
• With these conditions in place
the conveyor motor stops, and
the green indicator bulb goes
dark, while the N.C. contact
closes and the red indicator
bulb lights.
• Since the relay is unlatched and
current no longer flows through
its wire coil, the motor remains
stopped even after releasing
Button 2.