CENTRAL DOGMA

Etty Widayanti, SSi. MBiotech.

Sub Bagian Biologi
Bagian Anatomi
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas YARSI
 CENTRAL DOGMA
All the information contained in DNA, is then used to
produce RNA molecules by transcription, and some
information on the RNA will be used to produce
proteins through a process called translation.

DNA is TRANSCRIBED to messenger

RNA (mRNA)
mRNA carries the message to tranfer RNA
(tRNA)
tRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid
chain, which makes up proteins
 CENTRAL DOGMA
 DNA produces m-RNA

 M-RNA or messenger Ribonucleic Acid.

The code of DNA is in m-RNA but in different language.

 RNA produces protein.

The m-RNA codes for the amino acids to produce a particular protein

 DNA  RNA  Protein

This is the central dogma
GENERAL PATHWAY PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES
 REPLICATION TRANSCRPTION TRANSLATION

Location in the cell Nucleus First in nucleus and then In cytoplasm on the
in cytoplasm ribosomes
Enzymes involved DNA polymerae RNA polymerase -

End product Two identical copies of A strand of mRNA A polypeptide chain of

DNA amino acids (protein
chain
 A representation of
DNA, labeled. Notice
how the base pairs are
complementary:
A pairs with T,
and C
General diagram of the steps involved in DNA replication.
This is how the DNA replicates to form additional
chromosome during cell division
 DNA replication
 Semi conservative:
new DNA molecules contain:
1 old strand and 1 new strand
 use a ’template’:
one of the strand is used
 ’primers’:
usually a piece of RNA
DNA-polymerase unable to start
replication
Initiation of replication
• Start point: -only one (1) on the chromosome (300 bp)
- origin (ori)

ori 


• bidirectional: - both directions

Synthesis of DNA (replication)
• several enzymes involved (~ 20 pc)

- DNA helicase Unwinding the molecule

- DNA gyrase Open up (cut) the strands

(topoisemerase II)

- DNA-binding enzymes Protect ss-DNA from nucleases

- Primase Synthesises the RNA primer

- DNA-plymerase III Synthesis in direction 5’3’

There are 3 enz. in E. coli; pol I, II and III

- DNA-plymerase I Removes the primer

Repair any missing bp in DNA

- DNA ligase Makes a phospho-di-ester bond

(glueing)
Synthesis of DNA, cont.
• ’leading’ and ’lagging’ strands:

- leading: continous synthesis

- lagging: dis-continous synthesis

• proof-reading: - checking if any mitakes has been made

- pol. III removes the wrong nucleotides (3’ 5’)
Figures, DNA replication
A look at DNA replication, with the inset showing a larger and
general view. "Pol" stands for polymerase, a key enzyme. Note
how each enzyme works in a 'biochemical team' to complete the
process efficiently.
• During transcription, a DNA strand provides a
template for the synthesis of a complementary
RNA strand.
– This process is used to synthesize any type of RNA
from a DNA template.
– Transcription is from the 3’→5’ strand (template
strand)
• Transcription of a gene produces a messenger
RNA (mRNA) molecule.
– mRNA carries the message from the nucleus to the
ribosomes
• During translation, the information contained in
the order of nucleotides in mRNA is used to
determine the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide.
– Translation occurs at ribosomes.
• The basic mechanics of transcription and
translation are similar in eukaryotes and
prokaryotes.
• Because bacteria lack nuclei, transcription
and translation are coupled.
• Ribosomes attach to the leading end of a
mRNA molecule while transcription is still in
progress.

Fig. 17.2a
• In a eukaryotic cell, almost all transcription occurs
in the nucleus and translation occurs mainly at
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
• In addition, before the
primary transcript
can leave the nucleus
it is modified in
various ways during
RNA processing
before the finished
mRNA is exported
to the cytoplasm.
– Introns are removed
Fig. 17.2b
TRANSCRIPTION
 The process
of
translation.
The
polypeptide
chain is a
chain of
amino acids.
The
ribosome
consists of
two units;
namely, the
large subunit
and the small
subunit.
 What's happening inside the
ribosome when translation occurs?
 Title
• Text