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Reporting verbs
-Say,tell,ask are the most common reporting verbs, but
there are many others you can use.
-Tell and ask are always followed by an object pronoun
(me, him, her us, them,etc)
e.g.He told me he wanted to go home
Warn also follows this pattern.

-Say is followed by an optional that,

e.g. She said (that) she was on a diet

Other common reporting verbs that follow this pattern

are: admit, claim, explain, insist, reply, suggest,and
promise.
Grammar Reported statements

There are two principal ways you can report speech. The first
way is to repeat the exact words that someone used as direct
speech.

He said “ I don`t want to go”

The second way is to incorporate the words that someone said

as part of your sentence, using the conjunction that, this is
called indirect speech.

He said that he didn`t want to go

-Present simple in direct speech is usually backshifted to past
simple:
Compare:
“I go to the gym every week” (direct speech)
He said he went to the gym every week. (reported speech)

-Present continuous backshifts to past continuous

Compare
“He`s living in a shared house”
She said he was living in a shared house

-Past simple backshifts to past perfect

Compare
“We went to Spain in November”
He said that they had gone to Spain in August
-Present Perfect backshifts to past perfect:
Compare
“They`ve been to Paris”
She said that they had been to Paris

-Will backshifts to would:

Compare
“I`ll wait until 2.30
He said that he would wait until 2.30

Some modal verbs change, e.g.

Can=Could
may=might
Must=had to
Other modal verbs stay the same: Could; might, should,etc
 Reported speech: statements and questions
Direct statements Reported statements
“I like shopping” She said(that) she liked shopping.

“I`m going tomorrow” He told her he was going the next day.

“I`ll always love you” He said he would always love me

“I passed the exam” She told him she had passed the exam

“I`ve forgotten my keys” He said he had forgotten his keys

“I can`t come” She said she couldn`t come

“I may be late” He said he might be late

“I must go” She said she had to go
-Using that after said and told is optional

-If you report what someone said on a diferent day or in a differen

place some time and place words can change,
e.g. Tomorrow= the next day
Here=there
This= that,etc
“I`ll meet you here tomorrow” He said he`d meet me there the
next day. (he would)

-After said don`t use a person or object pronoun.

He said he was tired (NOT He said me)
After told you must use a person or pronoun (He told me he was)
Classifying films
There are many ways to classify films according to their genre.
Here are a handful of common coloquial classifications:

-a romcom is a romantic comedy

-A sci fi movie is a science fiction film
-A road movie is a film in which the main character(s) change,
grow and improve over the course of a road trip, after
encouraging a series of challenges.
-a chick flick is a film designed to appeal mainly to a female
audience
 actual past tense ---> after a past main verb
simple past ---> past perfect
past progressive ---> past perfect progressive
present perfect ---> past perfect
present perfect progressive ---> past perfect progressive
past perfect ---> past perfect
past perfect progressive ---> past perfect progressive
Examples:
Bob said to Julie, "Did you eat earlier?" --->Bob asked Julie if she had eaten earl
Bob added, "I was hoping to have dinner with you." --->Bob added (that) he had b
hoping to have dinner with Julie.

Julie said, "I'm sorry, but I've already eaten and I'm full." --->Julie said (that)
she was sorry but added that she hadalready eaten and (that she) was full.

Bob said, "I've been looking forward to having dinnerwith you." --->Bob said (that)
been looking forward to havingdinner with Julie.

Julie said, "I'm sorry. I hadn't expected to see you." --->

Julie said (that) she was sorry and added that she hadn't expected to see Bob.

Bob said, "I'd been counting on seeing you." --->Bob said (that) he'd been count
on seeing Julie.
 Reporting questions
-In direct questions the auxiliary verb do usually comes before the
subject (e.g. What do you do?). Verbs like can, have, be come
before the subject.
-In reported questions the subject usually comes before the verb.
Yes/No questions are reported using if or whether.
-There are no question marks in reported questions
-Questions are usually reported using the verb ask.

Direct question: Where`s Sara?

Reported question:He asked where Sara was

Direct question: Do you like tea?

Reported question: She asked whether I liked tea

Direct question: Can you swim?

Reported question:He asked if I could swim
-When you report a question, the tenses change as in reported
statements.
-When a question begins with a verb (not a question word) add
if (or whether)

Direct questions Reported questions

Are you married? She asked him if he was married

Did she phone? He asked me whether she had phoned

What`s your name? I asked him what his name was

Where do you live? They asked me where I lived

They asked him how he felt about his “nice guy” persona
“How do you feel about your “nice guy” persona?”

They asked him where this reputation had come from.

“Where has this reputation come from”

They asked him whether he had ever had problems…

“Have you ever had problems…?”

They asked the Forrest Gump star why he always played…

“Why do you always play…?

They asked him what his currents plans were.

“What are your current plans?”
a.He said that he hated spending money on new clothes
b.She told him that she wasn´t wearing that outfit again.
c.She asked him if he thought she looked fat in those trousers.
d.She said that she had to go on a diet
e.He told her that he´d checked the oil and had put some air in
the tyres.
f.She asked him not to forget that it was their anniversary the
following day.
g.He said he didn´t want to get married until he was forty.
h.He asked her what time her salsa class finished
 -ing/ed adjectives

Adjectives with –ing are the cause of the feeling/situation

(We use adjectives ending in “ING” to describe something or
someone)

Adjectives with –ed are the feelings of the person/animal affected

(We use adjectives ending in “ED” when we want to describe how
people feel.)

For example:
"This is a boring movie." (cause)
"I'm very bored." (feeling)
Felipe is boring. (describes his personality).
Felipe is bored. (he feels bored at the moment)