Chapter 01

Lecture and
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 Chapter 1-Introduction
• Anatomy:
- study of structure
- means to dissect

• Physiology:
study of function

• Anatomy and Physiology work together.

2
 What is the Importance of
Anatomy and Physiology?
• Basis for understanding diseases

• Allows an understanding of how the body

works and responds to stimuli

3
 Types of Anatomy
• Systemic:
studies body systems
• Regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
• Surface:
studies external features, Ex. Bone projections
• Anatomical imaging:
uses x-rays, ultrasound, MRI’s
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 Structural Levels of Body
1. Chemical:
smallest level
- Ex. atoms

2. Cell:
- basic unit of life
- Ex. Includes organelles (mitochondria,
nucleus, ribosomes, etc.)

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3. Tissue:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance
- Ex. Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

4. Organ:
- 2 or more tissue types
- Ex. Skin, heart, stomach, etc.

6
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Brain

Spinal cord

Carotid
artery
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea

Aortic arch

Lung

Heart
Diaphragm
Liver
Pancreas (behind Spleen (behind stomach)
stomach)
Stomach
Gallbladder
Kidney
Kidney (behind stomach)
(behind intestine)
Small intestine
Large
intestine

Ureter
(behind small
intestine)
Urinary
bladder

Urethra
5. Organ system:
group of organs

6. Organism:
all structural levels working together

8
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hair
Skull Temporalis

Pectoralis
Clavicle major
Sternum
Ribs
Skin Humerus
Biceps
Vertebral brachii
column
Rectus
Pelvis Radius abdominis
Ulna

Sartorius
Femur Quadriceps
femoris

Tibia Gastrocnemius
Fibula

Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System

Provides protection, regulates temperature, Provides protection and support, allows Produces body movements, maintains
prevents water loss, and helps produce body movements, produces blood cells, and posture, and produces body heat. Consists of
vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
sweat glands. associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

Nasal Pharynx
Tonsils cavity (throat)
Nose
Pharynx Salivary
Cervical Oral cavity
(throat) glands
lymph (mouth)
Thymus Larynx
node Esophagus
Trachea
Stomach
Axillary Mammary Bronchi
lymph plexus Pancreas
Lungs
node Small
Thoracic intestine
duct Liver
Gallbladder Large
Lymphatic Spleen intestine
vessel
Inguinal
lymph node
Appendix

Rectum

Anus

Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System

Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains
tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic
organs.
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH. Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages.
Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists
of the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs.
 Characteristics of Life
• Organization:
7 structural levels

• Metabolism:
- ability to use energy
- uses digestive and respiratory systems

• Responsiveness:
ability to sense changes in env’t and make
adjustments
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• Growth:
an increase in size

• Development:
changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized

• Reproduction:
formation of new cells or new organisms

13
 Homeostasis
• What is it?
- maintenance of a constant internal env’t
- Ex. Body temp., BP, HR, BR
• Variable:
- conditions that change
- Ex. Env’t temp.
• Set point:
- ideal, normal value
- Ex. 120/80 for BP or 98.6o for body temp.
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 Negative Feedback
• What is it?
- mechanism that regulates homeostasis
- negative meaning a deviation from set point
- Ex. Blood pressure

16
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 Receptors monitor the

value of a variable. In this
case, receptors in the wall
1
of a blood vessel monitor
blood pressure. Receptors monitor
2 blood pressure.
2 Information about the value
of the variable is sent to a
control center. In this case,
nerves send information to Nerves
the part of the brain 5
responsible for regulating 3
blood pressure. Effector (heart)
Control center 4 responds to changes
3 The control center (brain) in blood pressure.
compares the value of the
variable against the set
point.

4 If a response is necessary 5 An effector produces a

to maintain homeostasis, response that maintains
the control center causes homeostasis. In this case,
an effector to respond. In changing heart rate
this case, nerves send changes blood pressure.
information to the heart.

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Components of Negative Feedback
• Control center:
- brain
- establishes set point

• Receptor:
detects changes (variable)

• Effector:
responds to changes
18
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control centers in the brain decrease The effectors respond:

3 stimulation of heart and blood vessels 4 Heart rate decreases;
when receptors detect increased blood blood vessels dilate.
pressure.

Blood pressure increases: Blood pressure decreases:

2 5
Homeostasis Disturbed Homeostasis Restored
Blood pressure

Blood pressure
(normal range)

(normal range)
1
Start Here 6

Blood pressure decreases:

Blood pressure increases:
Homeostasis Disturbed
Homeostasis Restored

Control centers in the brain increase The effectors respond:

stimulation of heart and blood vessels Heart rate increases;
when receptors detect decreased blood vessels constrict.
blood pressure.

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 Positive Feedback
• What is it?
- deviation from set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people

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Figure 1.7
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 Body Positions
• Anatomical position:
person standing erect with face and palms forward

• Supine:
person lying face up

• Prone:
person lying face down

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Directional Terms
• Superior:
above
• Inferior:
below

• Anterior:
front
• Posterior:
back
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• Medial:
close to midline
• Lateral:
away from midline

• Proximal:
close to point of attachment
• Distal:
far from point of attachment

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Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.8 26
Figure 1.8
• Superficial:
close to surface

• Deep:
toward interior of body

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 Body Planes
• Sagittal:
runs vertically and separates body into left and right
• Midsagittal:
runs down the middle and divides body into equal left
and right halves
• Transverse:
runs horizontally and separates body into top and bottom
• Frontal:
runs vertically and separates body into anterior and
posterior

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Figure
1.11

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 Body Regions
• Upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
• Lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
• Central:
head, neck, trunk
• Trunk:
thoracic (chest), abdomen, pelvis
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Figure 1.8a
Figure 1.9b
 Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity:
heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
• Mediastinum:
divides thoracic cavity into left and right
• Abdominal cavity:
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys
• Pelvic cavity:
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of
large intestine 34
Figure 1.13
• Pericardial cavity:
around heart

• Pleural cavity:
around lungs

• Peritoneal cavity:
around abdominopelvic cavity

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 Membranes
• Mesentery:
double-layered membrane that covers organs
and anchors them to body wall

• Serous membrane:
cover organs and line cavity walls

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Types of Serous Membranes
• Visceral membrane:
covers organs

• Parietal membrane:
lines cavity walls

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Figure 1.14b
Figure 1.15a
Figure 1.15b