BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING

MODULE V
FOUNDATION
 Bearing capacity:- The ability of the soil to support
the imposed load without excessive settlement or
failure.

 Ultimate bearing capacity:-The gross pressure

intensity at which the soil fails.

 Safe bearing capacity:- maximum pressure which

the soil can carry without the risk of shear failure.

ultimatebearingcapacity
safebearingcapacity 
factorofsafety
 FOUNDATION
 Lowermost part of a building which transmits
the load of building to the underlying earth.
 Major functions of the foundation
 It distribute non-uniform load of the superstructure
evenly on the subsoil hence it minimize chances of
differential settlement.

 It provides stability against scouring flood water.

 It provides stability against sliding.

 It provides a level surface for the construction of the

superstructure
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Shallow Deep
Foundation Foundation

Wall footing
Pile foundation

Isolated footing
Pier foundation
Combined footing

Well foundation
Raft or mat foundation
WALL FOOTING/SPREAD
FOOTING

 Footing provided under a

wall.

 light load- simple footing

is provided.

 Heavy load- stepped

footing is provided.
ISOLATED FOOTING/COLUMN FOOTING
 It is used to support isolated columns

 Size of footing is very large- stepped or sloped

foundation

 Reinforced cement concrete footing is provided for

heavy loads.

 Load transmitted through the foundation to soil should

be less than bearing capacity of soil.
 COMBINED FOOTING

 It is constructed for two or more column

 Isolated footings of individual column overlaps or

when external column is situated near the boundary.

 Footing: Rectangular or trapezoidal.

 Rectangular footing

Trapezoidal footing
 Rectangular footing  Trapezoidal footing

 provided when load  Provided when load

acting on two acting on the column
columns are almost is very high
equal.  When one of the
column is very close
to the boundary.
 MAT /RAFT /FLAT FOUNDATION

 It is a concrete slab which cover the entire area

below the building.
 Column loads are heavy- reinforced concrete slabs
are provided
 Mat foundation are used
 When Soil is soft clay or made up land

 Highly compressible soil to reduce settlement.

 It can face large settlement without causing any

harm to the super structure.
 PILE FOUNDATION
 Loads taken to a lower level by means of long
vertical member made up of timber, steel, concrete.
When no firm strata at reasonable depth and
loading is uneven
When firm strata exist, but isolated footing at that
depth is uneconomical
When pumping of subsoil water is costly or
timbering to excavation is costly
 Based on material

 Wooden pile

 Concrete pile

 Steel pile

 RCC pile

 Pre-stressed concrete pile

Depending on load carrying capacity

 Load bearing pile.

a. End bearing pile

b. Friction pile

c. Combined end bearing and friction pile

 Non-load bearing pile.

Sheet pile
Pier Foundation
 Cylindrical column of large diameter to support and
transfer superimposed load
 Transfer load only through end bearing
 Shallower in depth
Well Foundation
 Box like circular or rectangular structure
 Much large diameter
 Hollow from inside, which may filled with sand
and plugged at bottom