SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE

CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb. Some clauses can stand
alone as a sentence (independent clause).
Many sentences in English have more than
one clause. *Tom loves Erica, and she loves him
We must check:
1. Every subject has a verb and every verb
has a subject.
2. Various clauses in the sentence are
correctly joined.
 USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
When you have two clauses in a sentence, you must
connect the clauses correctly by using : and, but, or, nor,
so, yet, for, because , a comma (,),etc.
Ex:
Tom is singing and Paul is dancing
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep

1. A power failure occurred, ……..the lamps went out.

a. then c. later
b. so d. next
 ADVERB “TIME” CONNECTORS
1. I will sign the check before you leave.
2. Before you leave, I will sign the check.

When connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (‘)

is required in the middle of the sentence.

Ex:……….was late, I missed the appointment.

a. I c. The Train
b. Because d. Since he
These are the other adverb time connectors:
After, as, as long as, as soon as, by the time, once, since, until, when,
whenever, while.

* Themother is going to be quite upset with her

son as long as he misbehaves so much.
 USE OTHER ADVERB CONECTORS CORRECTLY
Adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas such as :
1. Contrast ( although, even though, though, while , whereas)
2. Condition (If, in case, provided/providing, unless, whether)
3. Manner ( as, in that)
4. Place (where, wherever)

Ex: You will get a good grade on the exam provided………..

a. studying c. to study
b. study d. you study
Remember ! A connector must be followed by a subject and a verb.

•Bob went to school even though he felt sick.

•Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school.

•It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a

teacher.
 USE NOUN CLAUSE CONECTORS CORRECTLY
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun. It is used as:
1. an object of a verb (I know when he will arrive)
2. object of a preposition (I am concerned about when he will arrive)
3. the subject of the sentence. (When he will arrive is not important)

Ex: ……..was late caused many problems.

a. That he c. There
b. The driver d. Because
Remember ! (was and caused) can be as verbs.

•I know what you did. (as object of a verb)

•What you did was wrong.(as subject of the sentence)

•When the season starts is determined by the weather.

 USE NOUN CLAUSE CONECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY
A noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the
same time.

Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift.

The word “whoever” serves two functions (subject “is” and the
connector that joins the two clauses)

Ex: ……..was on TV made me angry.

a. It c. What
b. The story d. When
Remember ! (was and made) can be as verbs.

The other words of the connector:

Who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever.
 USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONECTORS CORRECTLY
An ADJCTIVE CLAUSE is a clause that describes a noun.

The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.
The glass that she put on the table contains milk

Ex:The gift ……..selected for the bride was rather expensive.

a. because c. since
b. was d. which we

Forms of Adjective clause connectors:

*whom (for people)
*which (for things)
*that (for people or things)
I liked the book which you recommended
The book which you recommended was interesting.
 USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY
An Adj. connector can also be the subject of the clause
at the same time.
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.
The glass that she put on the table contains milk

……..is on the table has four sections.

a. The notebook c. Because the notebook
b. The notebook which d. In the notebook
Remember ! (is and has are verbs) – “table” is object of
preposition

She needs a secretary who types fast.

 A secretary who types fast is invaluable.
 The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a
smooth, creamy texture.
 SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES

It is possible in English for a clause

to appear in a reduced form.

My friend should be on the train which is

arriving at the station now.
(Reduced adjective clause)

Although it was not really difficult, the exam

took a lot of time
(Reduced adverb clause)
 REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
To reduce an Adjective clause, omit the Adj.
clause connector/subject and the be-verb.

The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide

The letter which was written last week arrived today

If there is no be-verb, omit the connector /

subject and change the main verb into the -ing
form.
I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper
I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper
 Only reduce an Adj. clause if the connector/subject is
directly followed by the verb. In other words, if the
connector is also a subject.
The woman that I just met is the tour guide (does not reduce)
The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday.(does not reduce)

If an adjective clause is set off with commas, the

reduced clause can be moved to the front of the
sentence.
The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the
president.
The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.
Located in Washington, The White House is the home of the president.
 USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY
Adverb Clause can also appear in a reduced form. The
adverb connector remains, but subject and be-verb are
omitted.
Although he is rather unwell, the lecturer will take part in the
meeting.
When you are ready, you can begin your speech.

If There is no be-verb in the adverb clause, the subject

is omitted and the main verb is changed into the -ing
form.
Although he feels/feeling rather sick, the lecturer will
take part in the meeting.
When you give/giving your speech, you should speak
loudly
 UNREDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
It should be noted that not all Adverb Clause can appear
in a reduced form. A number of The adverb clauses can
only be reduced if the verb is in passive form.

Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate.

(active-does not reduce)

Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.

(passive - does reduce)

When you are finished with the report, you are free to leave.