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Clopidogrel (Plavix™)
CLOPIDOGREL
C
ADP
ADP
ASA COX
TXA 2
COX (cyclo-oxygenase)
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
TXA2 (thromboxane A2)
1. Schafer AI. Am J Med 1996; 101: 199–209.
Ticlopidine (Ticlid™) and Clopidogrel (Plavix™)
• Oral, plateletaggregation inhibitor structurally
unrelated to any other agent in its class.
• May be more efficacious than aspirin, but more
serious and more frequent adverse effects
• May be used for patients who are intolerant or to
aspirin.
• Interferes with the ADPinduced binding of
fibrinogen to the platelet membrane at specific
receptor sites.
Ticlopidine (Ticlid™)
• Platelet inhibition is
irreversible.
• Plateletaggregation
inhibition is not significant
until after approximately 4
days of regular dosing. Ticlopidine
• Platelet function returns to
normal within 1–2 weeks
as new platelets replace
those affected by
ticlopidine or clopidogrel.
Clopidogrel (Plavix™)
• Selectively inhibits the binding of
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its
platelet receptor and the subsequent
ADPmediated activation of the
glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, Clopidogrel
thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.
• Biotransformation of clopidogrel is
necessary to produce inhibition of
platelet aggregation, but an active
metabolite responsible for the activity
of the drug has not been isolated.
• Clopidogrel also inhibits platelet
aggregation induced by agonists other
than ADP by blocking the amplification
of platelet activation by released ADP.
Clopidogrel does not inhibit
phosphodiesterase activity.
Clopidogrel (Plavix™)
• Clopidogrel:
– Inhibits the ADP P2Y12 (P2TAC) platelet receptor.
– Acts by irreversibly modifying the platelet ADP receptor.
Consequently, platelets exposed to clopidogrel are affected for
the remainder of their lifespan.
– ADPinduced activation of the platelet P2Y12 results in the
activation of the GPIIb/IIIa fibrinogen receptor.
• Dose dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation can be
seen 2 hours after single oral doses..
• Repeated doses of 75 mg per day inhibit ADPinduced
platelet aggregation on the first day, and inhibition
reaches steady state between Day 3 and Day 7.
• Platelet aggregation and bleeding time gradually return
to baseline values after treatment is discontinued,
generally in about 5 days.
Indications for Clopidogrel
Recent MI, Recent Stroke or Established Peripheral
Arterial Disease
• For patients with a history of recent myocardial infarction
(MI), recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial
disease,
Acute Coronary Syndrome
• For patients with acute coronary syndrome (unstable
angina/nonQwave MI) including patients who are to be
managed medically and those who are to be managed with
percutaneous coronary intervention (with or without stent)
or CABG.
Clopidogrel (Plavix™)
• For patients with acute
coronary syndrome (unstable
angina/nonQwave MI),
clopidogrel should be initiated
with a single 300 mg loading
dose and then continued at 75
mg once daily.
• Aspirin (75 mg325 mg once
daily) should be initiated and
continued in combination with
clopidogrel.
• Most patients with Acute
Coronary Syndrome also
receive heparin acutely.
Platelet Activation Arterial Thrombus
Formation
Fibrinogen
Platelet GPIIb/IIIa
(Fibrinogen) Receptor
Release
Platelet
1 2 3
1=adhesion
2=activation & release
Endothelial Cell Injury 3=aggregation
Platelet Glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa Receptor
Activated
Activated Platelet
Platelet
Fibrinogen Activated
RGD Activated Platelet
Binding Platelet
Site
INTERACTIONBETWEENF
IBRINOGENANDGPIIb/IIIa
GPIIb/G
PIIIa B
lo
od
γ Pl
at
elet
γ γ
γ γ R
FG
i D
b
ri S
n
oe
q
g u
e
nenc
es
C Te
resid r
m
u
esina
ol 1
f
t2
he
B
Plood
latelet GP
IIb/GP
IIIa
γ γchain