Mass Transfer Lecture Notes

ENERGY RECOVERY
FROM BIOMASS
GROUP MEMBERS
• Adan Javed UW-16-Che-Bsc-018

• Saeed Anwar UW-16-Che-Bsc-006
• Adil Sohail UW-16-Che-Bsc-019
WHAT IS BIO MASS?
• Biomass is any organic matter wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes that can be used as an
energy source. Biomass is probably our oldest source of energy after the sun.
• Biomass gets its energy from the sun.
• All organic matter contains stored energy from the sun.
• Biomass is a renewable energy source.
An Introduction to Biomass Energy a Renewable Resource by Donald Klass, (www.bera1.org)

WHAT IS BIO MASS?
• Fig.1 Shows Sources of bio mass
An Introduction to Biomass Energy a Renewable Resource by Donald Klass, (www.bera1.org)

SOURCES
• 1.Wood
• Most biomass used today is home grown energy.
• Wood logs, chips, bark, and sawdust—accounts for about 44 percent of biomass energy.
• Wood and wood waste are used to generate electricity. Much of the electricity is used by the
industries making the waste; it is not distributed by utilities, it is a process called cogeneration.
Bushnell, D.J., Haluzok, C., Dadkhah-Nikoo, A. 1989. Biomass fuel characterization: testing and evaluating the combustion characteristics of selected
biomass fuels. Bonneville Power Administration, Corvallis, OR.
Byrd, A.J., Pant, K.K., Gupta, R.B. 2007. Hydrogen production from glucose using Ru/Al2O3 catalyst in supercritical water. Ind Eng Chem Res
46:3574–3579.
SOURCES
• 2.Solid Waste
• Burning trash turns waste into a usable form of energy. One ton (2,000 pounds) of garbage
contains about as much heat energy as 500 pounds of coal.
• Garbage is not all biomass; perhaps half of its energy content comes from plastics, which are
made from petroleum and natural gas.
• Power plants that burn garbage for energy are called waste-to-energy plants. These plants
generate electricity just as coal-fired plants do.
Bushnell, D.J., Haluzok, C., Dadkhah-Nikoo, A. 1989. Biomass fuel characterization: testing and evaluating the combustion characteristics of
selected biomass fuels. Bonneville Power Administration, Corvallis, OR.
Byrd, A.J., Pant, K.K., Gupta, R.B. 2007. Hydrogen production from glucose using Ru/Al2O3 catalyst in supercritical water. Ind Eng Chem
Res 46:3574–3579.
SOURCES
• 3.Food crops
• Grains, Oil crops
• 4.Sugar crops
• Sugar cane, Sugar beets, Molasses
• 5.Landfill
• 6.Industrial organic wastes
Bushnell, D.J., Haluzok, C., Dadkhah-Nikoo, A. 1989. Biomass fuel characterization: testing and evaluating the combustion
characteristics of selected biomass fuels. Bonneville Power Administration, Corvallis, OR.
Byrd, A.J., Pant, K.K., Gupta, R.B. 2007. Hydrogen production from glucose using Ru/Al2O3 catalyst in supercritical water. Ind
Eng Chem Res 46:3574–3579.
BIO MASS FUEL ANALYSES OR TESTING
• Main biomass fuel analyses are: (a) particle size and specific gravity, (b) ash content,(c)
moisture content, (d) extractive content, (e) element (C, H, O and N) content, and (f) structural
constituent (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) content.
• Particle size of biomass should be as much as 0.6 cm, sometimes more, in a profitable
combustion process.
• Biomass is much less dense and has significantly higher aspect ratios than coal.
• Ash or inorganic material in plants depends on the type of the plant and the soil contamination
in which the plant grows.
Bushnell, D.J., Haluzok, C., Dadkhah-Nikoo, A. 1989. Biomass fuel characterization: testing and evaluating the combustion
characteristics of selected biomass fuels. Bonneville Power Administration, Corvallis, OR.
Byrd, A.J., Pant, K.K., Gupta, R.B. 2007. Hydrogen production from glucose using Ru/Al2O3 catalyst in supercritical water. Ind
Eng Chem Res 46:3574–3579.
• On average wood contains about 0.5% ash. Ash contents of hard and softwoods are about
0.5 and 0.4%, respectively.
• The presence of inorganic compounds favors the formation of char. Ash content is an
important parameter directly affecting the heating value. High ash content of a plant part
makes it less desirable as fuel.
• Moisture in biomass generally decreases its heating value.
Res 46:3574–3579.
• When the fuel is dried the stored moisture equilibrates with the ambient relative humidity.
• Moisture percentage of the wood species varies from 41.27 to 70.20%.
• Heating value of a wood fuel decreases with increase in moisture content of the wood.
• Moisture content varies from one tree part to another. It is often the lowest in the stem and
increases toward the roots and the crown.
• The presence of water in biomass influences its behavior during pyrolysis and affects the
physical properties and quality of the pyrolysis liquid.
Res 46:3574–3579.
• The heat content, which is a very important factor affecting the utilization of any material
as a fuel, is affected by the proportion of combustible organic components (known as
extractives) present in it.
• (HHVs) of the extractive-free plant parts were found to be lower than the un extracted.
• Extractive content is an important parameter directly affecting the heating value.
• High extractive content of a plant part makes it desirable as fuel.
Res 46:3574–3579.
• Extractives raise the HHVs of the wood fuels.

• Biomass combustion is a series of chemical reactions by which carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and
hydrogen is oxidized to water.
• O2 deficiency leads to incomplete combustion and the formation of many products of incomplete
combustion.
• Excess air cools the system.
• The air requirements depend on the chemical and physical characteristics of the fuel. The combustion of
the biomass relates to the fuel burn rate, combustion products, complete combustion, fire temperatures.
Res 46:3574–3579.
BIOMASS CONVERSION
PROCESSES/PURIFICATION
• Biomass can be converted into useful biofuels and biochemicals.
• 1. Direct Combustion
• This is perhaps the simplest method of extracting energy from biomass.

• Industrial biomass combustion facilities can burn many types of biomass fuel,
including wood, agricultural residues, wood pulping liquor, municipal solid waste
and refuse-derived fuel.
Biomass-The Growing Energy Source, (www.science. Org.au/ nova) Nisha Sriram, Member, IEEE and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE
Electric Power and Power Electronics Center Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois 60616
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• Biomass is burned to produce steam, the steam turns a turbine and the turbine drives a
generator producing electricity.
• Because of potential ash build-up which fouls boilers, reduces efficiency and increases
costs, only certain types of biomass materials are used for direct combustion.
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• 2. Gasification
• Gasification is a process that exposes a solid fuel to high temperatures and limited
oxygen, to produce a gaseous fuel. The gas produced by the process as shown in Figure is
a mix of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and
methane.
• The gas is then used to drive a high efficiency, combined-cycle gas turbine.
Biomass-The Growing Energy Source, (www.science. Org.au/ nova) Nisha Sriram, Member, IEEE and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE Electric
Power and Power Electronics Center Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois 60616
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• Gasification has several advantage’s:
• methane, can be treated in a similar way as natural gas, and used for the same purposes.
• It produces a fuel that has had many impurities removed and could therefore cause
fewer pollution problems when burnt.
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• Fig.2 Shows Gasification
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• it can also produce synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can be
used to make hydrocarbon (e.g., methane and methanol) for replacing fossil fuels.
• 3. Pyrolysis
• pyrolysis represents heating the biomass to drive off the volatile matter and leaving behind the
charcoal.
• This process has doubled the energy density of the original material because charcoal, which is
half the weight of the original biomass, contains the same amount of energy, making the fuel
more transportable.
Biomass-The Growing Energy Source, (www.science. Org.au/ nova) Nisha Sriram, Member, IEEE and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE Electric Power and
Power Electronics Center Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois 60616
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• The collected volatiles produce a gas which is rich in hydrogen (a potential fuel) and
carbon monoxide. These compounds are synthesized into methane, methanol, and other
hydrocarbons.
• Flash pyrolysis is used to produce bio-crude, a combustible fuel. Heat is used to
chemically convert biomass into pyrolysis oil. oil is easy to store and transport burned like
petroleum to produce electricity.
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• Fig.3 Shows Pyrolysis
Biomass-The Growing Energy Source, (www.science. Org.au/ nova) Nisha Sriram, Member, IEEE and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE Electric Power and
Power Electronics Center Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois 60616
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• 4. Digestion
• Biomass digestion works by utilizing anaerobic bacteria. These microorganisms usually
live at the bottom of swamps or in other places where there is no air, consuming dead
organic matter to produce methane and hydrogen.
• Feeding organic matter such as animal dung or human sewage into tanks, called digesters,
and adding bacteria, we collect the emitted gas to use as an energy source.
• This process is a very efficient means of extracting usable energy from such biomass.
BIOMASS CONVERSION
• 5. Fermentation
• Yeasts and other microorganisms used to ferment the sugar of various plants into ethanol.
• Ethanol is then mixed with diesel to produce diesehol, a product used by trucks and buses.
• Technological advances will inevitably improve the method. The process has vastly
increased the efficiency by which waste paper and other forms of wood fiber is fermented
into ethanol.
REFERENCES
• [1] Biomass-The Growing Energy Source, (www.science. Org.au/ nova) Nisha Sriram, Member,
IEEE and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE Electric Power and Power Electronics Center
Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois 60616
• [2] www.bchydro.com
• [3] Bushnell, D.J., Haluzok, C., Dadkhah-Nikoo, A. 1989. Biomass fuel characterization: testing
and evaluating the combustion characteristics of selected biomass fuels. Bonneville Power
Administration, Corvallis, OR.
• [4] Byrd, A.J., Pant, K.K., Gupta, R.B. 2007. Hydrogen production from glucose using Ru/Al2O3
catalyst in supercritical water. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:3574–3579.
• [5] An Introduction to Biomass Energy a Renewable Resource by Donald Klass, (www.bera1.org)
ANY QUESTIONS?

Mass Transfer Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mass Transfer Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENERGY RECOVERY

• Adan Javed UW-16-Che-Bsc-018

An Introduction to Biomass Energy a Renewable Resource by Donald Klass, (www.bera1.org)

• Fig.1 Shows Sources of bio mass

An Introduction to Biomass Energy a Renewable Resource by Donald Klass, (www.bera1.org)

• Extractives raise the HHVs of the wood fuels.

• This is perhaps the simplest method of extracting energy from biomass.

You might also like