LET Review:

Physical Science
ENGR. IRENE R. BILLONES, RCH, LPT
CHEMISTRY
Matter, Atoms and Molecules, Chemical Bonds, Conservation of Matter and
Stoichiometry, Periodic Table, Phases of Matter, Acids and Bases, Solutions
and Mixtures, Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics
Matter
 Anything that has mass and occupies
space
 Canbe divided into two general
categories:
 Pure Substances
 Mixtures
Matter Pure Substances
Pure type matter which cannot be
separated physically
Elements
Substances that contain only one kind of atom
ATOM: smallest particle of an element that
has any of the properties of that element.
Compounds
Substances that contain more than one
element combined in fixed proportions
MOLECULE: the smallest particle that has
any of the properties of a compound
Matter
 Mixtures
Have different compositions from sample to
sample, and therefore varying properties.
Matter
Classification of Matter:
 Elements
 Metals
 Metals are lustrous (shiny), malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
 They are mostly solids at room temp.
 Non-metals
 They are dull, brittle, nonconductors (insulators).
 Some are solid, but many are gases, and Bromine is a liquid.
 Metalloids
 Semimetals.
 They have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
 They are shiny but brittle.
 And they are semiconductors.
Classification of Matter:
 Compounds
 Acid
pH < 7; turns blue litmus paper to red and gives a hydronium ion (H 3O+) in
water
HCl, H2SO4, HF
 Base
pH > 7; turns red litmus paper to blue and gives a hydroxyl ion (OH -) in water
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
 Salt
Product of a reaction of an acid and a base.
NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3
Classification of Matter:

 Mixtures
 Heterogeneous
does not have a definite composition
 Colloid
dispersed particles are intermediate in size between those of a solution and a
suspension
 Suspension
some of the particles settle out of the mixture upon standing
 Homogeneous
Uniform and the different components of the mixture cannot be seen
Cannot be physically separated
Solutions
Classification of Matter:
Classification of Matter
Separating Mixtures

Filtration
Decantation
Evaporation
Distillation
Centrifugation
Magnets
Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties
any of a material’s properties that becomes evident
during a chemical reaction
Physical Properties
properties that can be measured or observed without
changing the chemical nature of the substance
Intensive

does not depend on the amount of the substance present

Extensive

depends on the amount of matter being measured

Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties
toxicity
oxidation
flammability
heat of combustion
enthalpy of formation
chemical stability under specific conditions
radioactivity
Properties of Matter

Physical Properties
 color (intensive)
 density (intensive)
 volume (extensive)
 mass (extensive)
 boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance
boils
 melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance
melts
Properties of Matter
Changes of Matter

 Physical
Change in physical properties without changing the chemical
composition
 Chemical
Results after a chemical reaction where a new substance is formed
 Nuclear
Changes in the atomic properties of an element
 Phase Change
Change in the state of matter
 Exothermic
 Endothermic
 Enthalpy
Phases/States of Matter
Changes of Phase
Composition of Matter
Element Nomenclature
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
Horizontal rows of
the periodic table
are called
PERIODS

Vertical columns
are called
GROUPS/FAMIL
IES

PERIODIC LAW: When elements are arranged in order of increasing

atomic number, there is a periodic pattern in their physical
and chemical properties.
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table: Electronic
Configuration
The Periodic Table
Chemical Reactions

Represented by chemical equations:

Reactants → Products

4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3

Reactants: starting materials

Products: new compounds formed
Chemical Reactions

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Balancing Chemical Reactions

Law of Conservation of Mass:

mass of products = mass of
reactants

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H 2O

1. Element X has an electron
configuration of 1s22s22p4.
Based on information, element
X belongs to a/an _______
family.
A. noble gas
B. chalcogen
C. alkali metal
D. halogen
2. All the elements belonging to
Group II A have ___ electron(s)
in its outermost shell.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3. How many electrons can be
accommodated in the 3rd
energy level?

A. 32
B. 8
C. 18
D. 12
4. Which set of coefficient will
balance this equation?

P + Br2 → ? PBr

A. 3, 2, 3
B. 3, 1, 1
C. 2, 1, 2
D. 2, 3, 2
5. Which of the following is not
true about the periodic table:
A. alkali metals are found in the vertical
column that contains lithium.
B. metal tend to lose electrons while
nonmetals tend to gain electrons
C. metals tend to gain electrons while
nonmetals tend to lose electron
D. each element belong to a same group
has similar characteristic
6. What is the mass number of an
atom which contains twenty
eight protons, twenty eight
electrons and thirty four
neutrons?
A. twenty eight
B. fifty six
C. sixty two
D. ninety
7. When a neutral atom contains
two protons and gains three
electrons, what charge does it
require?

A. +1
B. +3
C. -1
D. -3
8. What is an example of a
chemical change?

A. boiling of water
B. melting of butter
C. nails turn into rust
D. dissolving salt in water
9. How do solutions differ from
compounds?
A. solutions are heterogeneous mixtures;
compounds are homogeneous
B. solutions vary in composition;
compounds have definite composition
C. solutions have definite composition;
compounds vary in composition
D. solutions are formed in chem.
reactions; compounds combine
physically
10. Some students were studying properties of
water. One student placed a cup containing 90
mL of water in a freezer. Another student
placed an identical cup containing 40 mL of
water in a different freezer. Which of the
following will be the same for both cups of
water?
A. the temperature at which water
freezes
B. the time it takes the water to
freeze
C. the volume of the frozen water
D. mass of the frozen water
11. What do you call a mixture
that scatters light passing
through it?
A. solution
B. colloid
C. suspension
D. all of them
12. Joseph observed that copper is used
as electric wires. Which of the
following properties of materials
explain the usage of copper wires?

A. Luster
B. Ductile
C. Brittleness
D. Malleable
13. Louise wanted to know the nature
of carbonated drink. She used a blue
litmus paper. She observed that it
turned red after ten seconds. What
type of compound is it?
A. acid
B. base
C. salt
D. any of them
14. Your chemistry teacher asked you to
prepare a heterogeneous mixture. Which
of these materials will you be using?
(1) sand (2) water (3) iodized salt
(4) sugar (5)ethanol

A. 1, 2, and 3
B. 2, 3, and 4
C. 2, 4, and 5
D. 2, 3, and 5
15. 10.0 g of salt is dissolved in 100. g of
water. The solution is left under the sun
for 3 days. After three days, the mass of
the solution is just 50.0 g. How many
grams of salt are there in the 50 – g
solution?
A. 5.0 g
B. 7.5 g
C. 10.0 g
D. cannot be determined
16. Why does the level of water in
a beaker rise after a stone is
placed in it?
A. The stone and water occupy the
same space
B. The stones takes the place occupied
by water
C. The stone has more mass than water
D. The water weighs less than the stone
17. Urine has a density of 1.02
g/mL. What is the volume of 25
g of urine?

A. 24.5 mL
B. 25.5 mL
C. 0.04 mL
D. 25.0 mL
18. Which of the following
substances are considered as
base?

A. H2SO4
B. CaSO4
C. BaCO3
D. Al(OH)2
19. Which of the following is true
about heat transfer?
A. Heat flows from an object with
higher temperature to an object
with lower temperature.
B. Transfers heat directly to a
material.
C. Heat flows from an object with
lower temperature to an object
with higher temperature.
D. Transfer of heat through movement
20. Water has higher specific heat
than iron.
What does this mean?

A. Water is hotter than iron

B. Water heats more rapidly than
iron
C. Water is more dense than iron
D. Water heats more slowly than
iron
PHYSICS
Physical Quantities and Vectors, Mechanics, Electricity,
Magnetism , and Electronics, Thermodynamics, Modern
Physics, Light and Geometries Optics
Metric System
Metric System
SI Units of Measurement
Scalar and Vector Quantities
SCALAR: Quantities signifying magnitude
only
Ex: Mass, charge, length, temperature,
speed
VECTOR: Quantities signifying magnitude and
direction
Ex: Weight, displacement, Velocity,
Acceleration, Momentum
Newton’s Laws of Motion
FIRST LAW: Every object continues in its state of rest, or of
uniform motion with constant speed in a straight line, unless
acted upon by unbalanced external forces impressed upon
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
SECOND LAW OF MOTION: When the resultant or net force acting
on an object is not equal to zero, the object will accelerate.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
THIRD LAW OF MOTION: To every action there is always an
opposed equal reaction.
Energy, Work and Power
Energy is a measurement of the
ability of something to do work.
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Mechanical
Energy, Work and Power
Work
When a force acts upon an object to cause a
displacement of the object, it is said that work
was done upon the object.
Work = force (f) x distance (d)
Power
Power = Work / time
Energy, Work and Power

Potential energy is the stored energy of position

possessed by an object.

Gravitational potential energy is the energy

stored in an object as the result of its vertical
position or height.

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored

in elastic materials as the result of their
stretching or compressing. 
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
only transformed from one form into
another, but total amount of energy never
changes.
Thermodynamics

 study of heat and its transformation into different forms of

energy.

Internal Energy: Energy produced from the attractive and

repulsive forces of molecules in an object which increased as
temperature increases

Heat/ Thermal Energy – Energy produced as heat is

transferred from object with higher temperature to that with
lower temperature until
it reaches equilibrium.
Thermodynamics

Methods of Heat Transfer:

1. Conduction: transmission of heat

from two objects with DIRECT contact
2. Convection: heat transfer through AIR
and water currents
3. Radiation: heat transfer through RAYS
or WAVES emitted by a very hot object.
Temperature

measure of the average translational

kinetic energy per molecule in a
substance, measured in degrees Celsius,
Fahrenheit or Kelvin
21. A stretched rubber band has

A. Kinetic energy
B. Elastic potential energy
C. Electromagnetic energy
D. Nuclear energy
22. What kind of energy is
possessed by water falling from
a dam?
A. potential
B. kinetic
C. accelerating
D. interacting
23. Which of the following
situations does not show work
being done?
A. A girl kicked a ball
B. A boy pressed his hands on the
electric post
C. A girl picked up her toy
D. A boy pushed his car forward
24. Which of the following
statements best defines the
weight of an object?
A. It is equal to the inertia of the object
B. It is the same as the mass of the
object
C. It is the quantity of matter in an
objects
D. It is the result of the gravitational
force acting on the object
25. What temperature reading in
Fahrenheit is equivalent to 78
degrees Celsius?

A. 171 degrees Fahrenheit

B. 173 degrees Fahrenheit
C. 170 degrees Fahrenheit
D. 172 degrees Fahrenheit
26. A bag of groceries has a mass
of 10 kilograms. What is its
weight?

A. 10 N
B. 100 N
C. 1 N
D. 1000 N
27. Which natural law of motions
explains what happens when we
tend to move forward when the
vehicle is brought to a sudden stop ?

A. acceleration
B. inertia
C. interaction
D. universal gravitation
28. In a pair of scissors the
fulcrum is at the _______?

A. Handle
B. Screw
C. Tip of the blades
D. Sharp edges
29. An airplane travels east for 2
hours at a rate of 500 km/hr.
Which of the following
quantities is a vector?

A. The time of travel

B. The distance traveled
C. The displacement
D. The speed of the plane
30. A 2 kg book is held 1m above
the floor for 2 seconds. The
work done on the object is
______

A. 10 J
B. 100 J
C. 980 J
D. 0
31. The following are
biodegradable materials except

A. paper
B. plastics
C. wood
D. dry leaves
32. Stainless steel spoon feels
colder than a plastic spoon
because stainless steel
A. Absorbs less heat from the hand than
plastic does
B. Is really colder than plastic
C. Has a lower temperature than plastic
D. Conducts heat away from the hand
faster than plastic does
EARTH SCIENCE
Earth and Space, Astronomy , and Environment
The Universe
The Universe
Stars
Galaxy
The Solar System
The Solar System
SCIENTISTS
 PTOLEMY (Earth Centered Model - geocentric)
 GALILEO (Telescope)
 COPERNICUS (Sun Centered Model – heliocentric)
 JOHANNES KEPLER (Laws of Planetary Motion)
 TYCHO BRAHE (Detailed observation of heavenly
bodies without aid of telescope)
KEPLER’S LAWS

1. Law of Ellipses
 Orbit of the planets is eccentric
 Orbit can be highly elleptical (round)
 Orbit can be non-highly elleptical (flat)
KEPLER’S LAWS
2. Law of Equal Areas
 A radius vector joining any planet to the sun sweeps out
equal areas in equal time
KEPLER’S LAWS
3. Law of Period
 The shorter the revolution of a planet around
the sun, the shorter it’s orbit
The Earth and Its Moon

Oblate
spheroid
The Earth and Its Moon
The Earth, Moon and Sun
The Earth, Moon and Sun
Eclipses
Eclipses
Layers of the Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
The Greenhouse Effect
Weather and Climate
Climate Zones
Water Cycle
Monsoons
 Sea Breeze
Air over land is warmer than over the sea
Occurs during the day
 Land Breeze
Air over the sea is warmer than on land
Occurs during the night
 Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
November – April
 Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)
May – October
Tropical Cyclones

Depression
<60 km/h wind speed
Storm
60-118 km/h wind speed
Typhoon
>119 km/h wind speed
Layers of the Earth
Theories

Pangaea
Isostasy
Mild-Oceanic Rift
Plate Tectonic Theory
Earthquakes and Movement of
Plates
Vocanos
Volcanos
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
33. Because these rocks are formed
from molten or partly molten
magma, they will most likely be
found around Mt. Pinatubo and
Mayon Volcano.
A. Metamorphic
B. Sedimentary
C. Organic
D. Igneous
34. In which rock layer are
remains of aquatic organisms
commonly found?

A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. Granite
35. These statements about
planets are true, EXCEPT:
A. The denser a planet is, closer it is to
the sun
B. Planets closer to the sun have
shorter years
C. The farther a planet is from the sun,
the cooler it is
D. The larger the planet, the stronger
is the gravitational pull on the sun
36. What do you call to the point
of the earth’s orbit when the
earth is nearest to the sun?

A. Aphelion
B. Perigee
C. Perihelion
D. Apogee
37. What causes high and low
tides?
A. Earth’s rotation on it’s axis
B. Sun’s solar energy
C. Moon’s gravitational pull
D. Earth’ gravitational pull
38. Which of the following would
be the effect of a rise on carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere?

A. Cooling of the atmosphere

B. Increases in the solar radiation

C. Darkening of the air

D. Warming of the atmosphere
39. Which part of the atmosphere
filters the ultraviolet rays of the
sun?

A. Stratosphere
B. Ozone layer
C. Exosphere
D. Troposphere
40. In which climate zone is the
Philippines found?

A. Arctic
B. Polar
C. Temperate
D. Tropical
41. If we experience greenhouse effect, we shall
have _________
I. Warmer climate
II. Increase in the level of CO2, in the
atmosphere
III. Cooler climate
IV. Increase in the level of O2 in the
A. I and II
atmosphere
B. I only
C. II only
D. III and IV
42. The manager of textile factory
considers it too expensive to treat
liquid waste so he suggested digging a
hle near the factory where the wastes
can be stored. Is this environmentally
safe?
A. Yes, the liquid can be recycled
B. No, the can be recycled
C. Yes, the liquid will pass through the layers
off soil and becomes clean
D. No, the liquid wastes will seep to the
underground
43. It occurs when the moon is
between the sun and the earth,
with the moon’s shadow cast
over the earth?

A. Total eclipse
B. Lunar eclipse
C. Partial eclipse
D. Neap tide
44. On which planet can the
greatest volcano in the Solar
System can be found?

A. Saturn
B. Jupiter
C. Mars
D. Uranus
45. What do you call the
underground where an earthquake
starts?
A. epicenter
B. focus
C. fault
D. fault line
46. What natural occurrence is
explained by the revolution of
the Earth around the sun with a
23.5-degree tilt on its axis?

A. Climate
B. Day and night
C. Four seasons
D. Weather
47. Which three planets are
known as terrestrial planets
because of their high density
and rocky composition?
A. Mercury, Venus, Mars
B. Jupiter, Saturn Uranus
C. Venus, Neptune, and Pluto
D. Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
48. The scientist who formulated
a heliocentric model of the
solar system was

A. Descartes
B. Copernicus
C. Ptolemy
D. Galileo galilei
49. The all-embracing term
referring to the field of science
dealing with planet Earth is
_____.
A. Genetics
B. Earth’s science
C. Ecology
D. Geology
50. What is the most abundant
gas in the atmosphere?

A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Helium
SCIENTISTS
 Amadeo Avogadro
 Anton Lavoisier
 Joseph Prousz
 Niels Bohr (Planetary Model of Atom)
 Henry Moseley (atomic number justification)
 Goldstein & Rutherford (protons)
 JJ Thompson (electron)
 James Chadwick (neutron)
Amadeo Avogadro

 Fundamental unit of matter

 Avogadro’s Number
NA = 6.022 x 10
- numbers of elementary particles
- proportion
- atomic scale vs human scale
Anton Lavoisier
JOSEPH PROUSZ
CHEMICAL BONDING
Metal + NonMetal
Non + Non
Metal Metal
Formulas for writing Substances
 Molecular - shows actual number of atoms

 Empirical - shows the ratio of atoms

6:12:6 = 1:2:1
Examples of Chemical Bonding
LET Review:
Physical Science
ENGR. IRENE R. BILLONES, RCH, LPT