BASIC ELECTRICITY & ELECTRONICS

COURSE OUTLINE
Chapter One------------------------------------------------------2 hrs
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic definition
Chapter Two: Passive Components ---------------------------3hrs
2.1 Definition
2.2 Current direction
2.3 Measuring voltage & current
2.4 Resistance of conductors
2.5 Types of resistors
2.5 Color coding of resistors
Chapter Three: DC circuit---------------------------------------12hrs
3.1 series circuits
3.2 Kirchhoff’s law
3.3 Voltage divider rule
3.4 Parallel Circuit
3.5 Kirchhoff’s current law
3.6 Series parallel
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Chapter Four :-Theorems ---------------------------------15hrs
4.1 Superposition Theorem
4.2 Thevenin’s Theorem
4.3 Maximum Power Theorem

Chapter Five: AC circuit ---------------------------------12hrs

5.1 Capacitance
5.2 Capacitors in series and parallel
5.3 Resonance circuits

Chapter Six: Protective Devices-------------------3hrs

6.1 Circuit Breakers

6.2 Fuse
Chapter Seven: Soldering Technique-------------3hrs

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REFERENCE BOOKS
1.Electric circuits 2nd edition ,Theodore F. Bogart, Jr.,1992
2.Introductory Circuit Analysis, Robert Boylestad
3.Basic Electrical Engineering 5th edition ,Fitzgerald and Higginson tham Grabel
4.Circuit, Devices and systems 4th edition ,Ralph Smith

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 Fundamental of Ckt.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this training course, you will
be able to:
 Describe how voltage, current, and power are related in a resistive circuit
 Compute energy used by electrical loads solve for the power dissipated by any resistor in
a series circuit and show that the total power dissipated is exactly equal to the power
delivered by the voltage Source
 Explain why voltage sources of different magnitudes must never be connected in parallel,
 Find the total resistance of a network consisting of resistors connected in various series-
parallel configurations
 Determine the difference in potential between any two points in a series-parallel circuit,
 Convert a voltage source into an equivalent current source,
 Convert a resistive delta to an equivalent wye circuit or a wye to its equivalent delta circuit
and solve the resulting simplified circuit,
 Determine the required load resistance of any circuit to ensure that the load receives
maximum power from the circuit,
 Determine the voltages, currents, and power of elements in a resonant circuit

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 Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
An electrical circuit is a system of interconnected components such as resistors,
capacitors, inductors, voltage sources, and so on.
 The electrical behavior of these components is described by a few basic experimental
laws. These laws and the principles, concepts, mathematical relationships, and methods
of analysis that have evolved from them are known as circuit theory.

A first step to understanding these technologies is electric circuit theory. Circuit theory
provides you with the knowledge of basic principles that you need to understand the
behavior of electric and electronic devices, circuits, and systems.

Electricity is generated from the motion of tiny charged atomic particles called
electrons and protons!
Protons = +
Electrons = -

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Definition of electricity and electrical charge
 According to the concise oxford English dictionary, revised 10th edition, the first definition
of electricity is:
‘’A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or
protons), either statistically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a current’’.
 Thus, to describe electricity we must know the idea of positive and negative electrical
charge, which is stored energy associated with particles-electrons and protons. Electrons
moving around an atomic nucleus can only occupy discrete or quantized energy levels.
Those levels are called electron shells. Protons are themselves composed of subatomic
particles that give the entity called a proton its mass and charge

electron

neutron

proton

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FIGURE 1–1 Some typical electronic components

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 The SI System of Units

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 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
 Conductors
Materials through which charges move easily are termed conductors. The
most familiar examples are metals.

 Insulators
Materials that do not conduct (e.g., glass, porcelain, plastic, rubber, and so on).

 Semiconductors
Silicon and germanium (plus a few other materials) have half-filled valence
shells and are thus neither good conductors nor good insulators

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 1.2 Basic Definitions
 Electric Field :- the force exerted by a charged body on other
charge is called electric force and the space with in which this
force exerted is called electric field.
 Electric potential :-
 In electrical terms, a difference in potential energy is defined as
voltage.
 In general, the amount of energy required to separate charges
depends on the voltage developed and the amount of charge
moved.
 By definition, the voltage between two points is one volt if it
requires one joule of energy to move one coulomb of charge from
one point to the other.

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 Circuit Diagrams
Electric circuits are constructed using components such as
batteries, switches, resistors, capacitors, transistors,
interconnecting wires, etc.
 Block Diagrams: Block diagrams describe a circuit or
system in simplified form. The overall problem is broken
into blocks, each representing a portion of the system or
circuit.
 Blocks are labeled to indicate what they do or what they
contain, then interconnected to show their relationship to
each other.
 General signal flow is usually from left to right and top to
bottom.

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 PASSIVE COMPONENTS

2.1 Definition
 Passive: Those devices or components which store or
maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or Current
are known as Passive Components. Example: resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
 Active: Those devices or components which produce
energy in the form of Voltage or Current are called as
Active Components. Example: diode, etc.

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 Passive components
 Resistance is a measure of a material which opposes a flow of current through
it.
 Resistors provide resistance
 they oppose the flow of electricity

 measured in Ohms () R=ρℓ/A, R=V/I

 Capacitance is a measure of the ability of a component to store a charge.
 Capacitors provide capacitance
 they store energy in an electric field

 measured in Farads (F) C= Q/V

 Inductance a measure of property of a material to induce magnetic field.
 Inductors provide inductance
 they store energy in a magnetic field

 measured in Henry (H) L =μN2A/ℓ

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 2.2 Current Direction
 In the early days of electricity, it was believed that current was a movement
of positive charge and that these charges moved around the circuit from the
positive terminal of the battery to the negative as depicted in Figure (a).
 Based on this, all the laws, formulas, and symbols of circuit theory were
developed. (We now refer to this direction as the conventional current
direction.) After the discovery of the atomic nature of matter, it was
learned that what actually moves in metallic conductors are electrons and
that they move through the circuit as in Figure (b).
 This direction is called the electron flow direction. However, because the
conventional current direction was so well established, most users stayed with
it. We do likewise. Thus, in this lesson, the conventional direction for current is
used.

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 2.3 Measuring Voltage and Current
 Voltage and current are measured in practice using instruments called
voltmeters and ammeters. While voltmeters and ammeters are
available as individual instruments, they are more commonly
combined into a multipurpose instrument called a multi-meter or
VOM (volt-ohm-milli-ammeter).
 How to Measure Voltage
Since voltage is the potential difference between two points, you measure voltage
by placing the voltmeter leads across the component whose voltage you wish to
determine.

FIGURE To measure voltage, place the voltmeter leads

across the component whose voltage you wish to
determine. If the voltmeter reading is positive, the point
where the red lead is connected is positive with respect to
the point where the black lead is connected.

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 How to Measure Current
 As indicated by Figure the current that you wish to measure must pass
through the meter. Consider Figure (a) To measure this current, open the
circuit as in (b) and insert the ammeter. The sign of the reading will
be positive if current enter the A or (+) terminal or negative if it enters the
COM (or ) terminal as described in the Practical Note.

FIGURE 2–23 To measure current, insert the ammeter into the circuit so that the current you
wish to measure passes through the instrument. The reading is positive here because current
enters the + (A) terminal.

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 2.4 Resistance of Conductors
 As mentioned in the chapter preview, conductors are materials which
permit the flow of charge. However, conductors do not all behave the same
way. Rather, we find that the resistance of a material is dependent upon
several factors

 Type of material
 Length of the conductor
 Cross-sectional area
 Temperature

 The resistance of a metallic conductor is inversely proportional to the

cross-sectional area of the conductor. The factors governing the
resistance of a conductor at a given temperature may be summarized
mathematically as above.

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 Cont.…
Since most conductors are circular, as shown in Figure below , we
may determine the cross-sectional area from either the radius or
the diameter as follows:

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cont..

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EXAMPLE Most homes use solid copper wire having a diameter of 1.63 mm to
provide electrical distribution to outlets and light sockets. Determine the resistance
of 75 meters of a solid copper wire having the above diameter.
Solution
We will first calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire using the above equation

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 2.5 Types of Resistors

 Fixed Resistors
As the name implies, fixed resistors are resistors having resistance values
which are essentially constant

FIGURE Structure of a molded carbon composition resistor.

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  Variable Resistors
 Variable resistors provide indispensable functions which we use in one form
or another almost daily. These components are used to adjust the volume of
our radios, set the level of lighting in our homes, and adjust the heat of our
stoves and furnaces. Figure shows the internal and the external view of
typical variable resistors.

(b) Variable resistor used as a potentiometer

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 2.6 Color Coding of Resistors
 The colored bands provide a quickly recognizable code for determining the
value of resistance, the tolerance (in percentage), and occasionally the
expected reliability of the resistor. The colored bands are always read from left
to right, left being defined as the side of the resistor with the band nearest to it.
 The first two bands represent the first and second digits of the resistance
value.
 The third band is called the multiplier band and represents the number
of zeros following the first two digits; it is usually given as a power of ten.
 The fourth band indicates the tolerance of the resistor,

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EXAMPLE
Determine the resistance of a carbon film resistor having the color codes shown in
Figure

Solution

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 DC circuit
 Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy
 Ohm’s Law
 Consider the circuit of Figure below. Using a circuit similar in concept to
this, Ohm determined experimentally that current in a resistive circuit is
directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to
its resistance.
 In equation form, Ohm’s law states

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EXAMPLE A 27 ohm resistor is connected to a 12-V battery. What is the
current?

Solution Substituting the resistance and voltage values into Ohm’s law yields

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  Ohm’s Law in Graphical Form
The relationship between current and voltage described by Equation above
may be shown graphically as in Figure below.
 The graphs, which are straight lines, show clearly that the relationship
between voltage and current is linear, i.e., that current is directly proportional
to voltage.

FIGURE : Graphical representation of Ohm’s law. The red plot is for a 10 ohms
resistor while the green plot is for a 20 ohms resistor.

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 Open Circuits
 Current can only exist where there is a conductive path (e.g., a length of wire).
 For the circuit of Figure below, I equals zero since there is no conductor
between points a and b. We refer to this as an open circuit. Since I= 0,
substitution of this into Equation

 Ohm’s law may be rewritten in its several forms as

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 Power
 Formally, power is defined as the rate of doing work or, equivalently,
as the rate of transfer of energy.

where W is the work (or energy) in joules and t is the corresponding time interval of t seconds.

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 CHAPTER TWO
Series Circuits
 An electric circuit is the combination of any number of sources and loads
connected in any manner which allows charge to flow.
 All electric circuits obtain their energy either from a direct current (dc)
source or from an alternating current (ac) source.

Fig Series circuit

Two elements are said to be in series if they are connected at a single point
and if there are no other current-carrying connections at this point.
The current is the same everywhere in a series circuit.

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
 Next to Ohm’s law, one of the most important laws of electricity is Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL) which states the following:
 The summation of voltage rises and voltage drops around a closed loop is equal
to zero.
 Symbolically, this may be stated as follows

An alternate way of stating Kirchhoff’s voltage law is as follows:

The summation of voltage rises is equal to the summation of voltage drops
around a closed loop.

If we consider the circuit of Figure below

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 By applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the closed loop, we arrive at the
following mathematical statement for the given circuit:

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 Resistors in Series
 Almost all complicated circuits can be simplified.
 We will now examine how to simplify a circuit consisting of a voltage
source in series with several resistors.
 Consider the circuit shown in Figure 5–10. Since the circuit is a closed
loop, the voltage source will cause a current I in the circuit. This current in
turn produces a voltage drop across each resistor,
where

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  However, applying Ohm’s law to the circuit of Figure 5–11 gives

 Since the circuit of Figure 5–11 is equivalent to the circuit of Figure 5–10, we
conclude that this can only occur if the total resistance of the n series resistors is
given as

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 If each of the n resistors has the same value, then the total
resistance is determined as

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 Any voltage source connected to the terminals of a network of series resistors
will provide the same current as if a single resistance,

 The power dissipated by each resistor is determined as

 The power delivered by a voltage source to a circuit is given as

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 Since energy must be conserved, the power delivered by the voltage source is
equal to the total power dissipated by all the resistors.

Hence

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  The Voltage Divider Rule
 The voltage dropped across any series resistor is proportional to the magnitude of
the resistor. The total voltage dropped across all resistors must equal the applied
voltage by KVL

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  Parallel Circuits
 The illustration of Figure 6–1 shows that one terminal of each light bulb is
connected to the positive terminal of the battery and that the other terminal
of the light bulb is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. These
points of connection are often referred to as nodes.
 Elements or branches are said to be in a parallel connection when they
have exactly two nodes in common.

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  Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Recall that Kirchhoff’s voltage law was extremely useful in understanding
the operation of the series circuit.
 In a similar manner, Kirchhoff’s current law is the underlying principle
which is used to explain the operation of a parallel circuit.
Kirchhoff’s current law states the following:
The summation of currents entering a node is equal to the summation of
currents leaving the node

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In mathematical form, Kirchhoff’s current law is stated as follows:

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  Resistors in Parallel
 A simple parallel circuit is constructed by combining a voltage source
with several resistors as shown in Figure 6–12.

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 Current Divider Rule

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 Series-Parallel Circuits
 In electric circuits, we define a branch as any portion of a circuit which can be
simplified as having two terminals

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 Group Assignment
 Date of Submission
 1) Refer to the circuits of Figure a and b

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 2) Refer to the circuit of Figure (c):
 Fig (c)

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3.Refer to the circuit of Figure (d)
Fig (d)

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4) Given the circuit of Figure (e)
 Fig (e)

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 Individual Assignment
1) Refer to the circuits of Figure (a) and (b)

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2) Find each of the unknown currents in the networks of Figure below
Fig (a) and (b)

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3) Refer to the network of Figure
Fig (c)

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 4) Refer to the circuit of Figure (d)
Fig (d)

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 5) Refer to the circuit of Figure (e)
Fig (e)

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 CHAPTER THREE
Superposition Theorem
 The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to eliminate all but one
source of power within a network at a time.
 Using series/parallel analysis to determine voltage drops (and/or currents)
within the modified network for each power source separately.
 Then, once voltage drops and/or currents have been determined for each
power source working separately.
 The values are all “superimposed” on top of each other (added
algebraically) to find the actual voltage drops/currents with all sources
active.
 Let's look at our example circuit again and apply Superposition Theorem to
it:

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 Superposition theorem

 The current through or voltage across an element in a linear

bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents
or voltages produced independently by each source.
 Example: find the current through R2 for all resistor value of
100 Ω, vs1=10v and vs2=5v for the figure shown below.

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 Cont’d

Set vs2=0v(short circuit) the circuit become as shown below

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 Cont’d

The current through R2 is

I2=I/2 , I= v/RT, RT=100+100/2=150Ω, I=10/150, I2=5/150
Set vs1=0v(short circuit) the circuit become as shown below:

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 Cont’d

The current through R2 is

I2=I/2 , I= v/RT, RT=100+100/2=150Ω, I=5/150, I2=2.5/150
The total current through vs1 and vs2 is
I2=5/150+2.5/150

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Example: for the circuit shown below find the current through 10Ω resistor using
superposition theorem

Solution:
Setting 2A and 1A off(open circuit)

The circuit become as shown below

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 Cont’d

The voltage across 10 ohm resistor using voltage

divider rule
V10=10*10/(10+20+30)=1.67v
Setting 10 v off (short circuit) and 2A off(open circuit)
the circuit become

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 Cont’d

The current through 10 ohm resistor is

I10=1*30/60 (current divider rule)
I10=.5 Amp
And voltage across 10 ohm is
V10=I*R=10*.5=5volt

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 Cont’d

The current through 10 ohm resistor is

I10=2*50/60=1.67
And the voltage across 10 ohm resistor is
V10=I*R=1.67*10=16.67 volt
The net voltage across 10 ohm resistor is
V10=V10v+V2A-V1A=1.67+16.67-5=13.34VOLT

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Exercise: reversing the polarity off sources the find the current through 30 ohm
resistor Example:

Setting 5A off the circuit become

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 Example 1

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis
as it is an aid to system design.

 Simply stated, the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load

resistance when that load resistance is equal to the Thevenin/Norton
resistance of the network supplying the power.

 If the load resistance is lower or higher than the Thevenin/Norton resistance

of the source network, its dissipated power will be less than maximum.

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 Cont’d
 This is essentially what is aimed for in radio transmitter design , where the
antenna or transmission line “impedance” is matched to final power
amplifier “impedance” for maximum radio frequency power output.

 Impedance, the overall opposition to AC and DC current, is very similar to

resistance, and must be equal between source and load for the greatest
amount of power to be transferred to the load.

 A load impedance that is too high will result in low power output. A load
impedance that is too low will not only result in low power output, but
possibly overheating of the amplifier due to the power dissipated in its
internal (Thevenin or Norton) impedance.

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 Taking our Thevenin equivalent example circuit, the
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem tells us that the
load resistance resulting in greatest power dissipation
is equal in value to the Thevenin resistance (in this
case, 0.8 Ω)

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Cont’d

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 CHAPTER FOUR

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Common quantities

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Engineering prefixes

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Schematic circuit symbols

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