99
99 9
9 9
9
999
9 99
9

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 What I¶m Going to Do
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Discuss Different Values

‡ Ask LOTS of Questions
‡ Get You to Think of the Answers
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 Value
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Social -- the principles, standards, or quality

which guides human actions

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‡ Economic -- the market or estimated worth
of commodities

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 Social Values
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9
‡ The quality (positive or negative) that
renders something desirable or valuable

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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
99
9‡9 9The

9 quality
9
9 (positive

99 9
9 or
99
9
negative) that renders something desirable or
valuable

‡ Principles, standards or qualities considered

worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
99
9‡9 9The

9 quality
9
9 (positive

99 9
9 or
99
9
negative) that renders something desirable or
valuable
‡ Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by
the person who holds them.

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‡ Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results,
and worthy of emulation by others.

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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
99
9‡9 9The

9quality
9
(positive
9
99 9or
9
negative)
99
9that renders something desirable or valuable
‡ Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
‡ Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others.

‡ Values are our subjective reactions to the

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world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior. Values have three
important characteristics.

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± Developed early in life and are very resistant to change.
± Define what is right and what is wrong.
± Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid,
right or wrong. Values tell what we should believe,
regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Economic Values
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Does Price = Value?

‡ Assumes perfectly competitive market

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± Many buyers and sellers
± Perfect knowledge

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± Homogeneous products
± All resources are mobile
± Free entry/exit from market
 Social and Economic Value
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ How well does Market Price approximate

Economic Value?

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‡ Does Social Value equal Economic Value?
‡ How do we reconcile?

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‡ Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to
approximate value, what do sociologists
use?
 Different Values
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Market and Nonmarket

‡ Use and Nonuse
‡
‡
Option, Bequest, Existence
Economic and Social 

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± Is economic value a subset of social value?
 Why are Values Important?
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Why do agencies want to know values of

ecosystem services?

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‡ Allocation of their scarce resources (labor
and capital) to provide the mix of goods and

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services society values.
 Allocation
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ How do you weight different uses?

‡ Market goods and services ± relative prices

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give weights
‡ Weights change

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‡ Nonmarket goods and services
± What weights
± How comparable
 Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9



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 How much wilderness is enough?
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Society ³values´ wilderness characteristics

‡ First Wilderness Area (best characteristics)

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designated ± most valuable
‡ Is the next area as valuable to society?

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‡ How about the next? And the one after that?
 Areas with Wilderness Potential
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Alternative uses
± Wilderness

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± Backcountry recreation
± Development

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‡ How do you decide which values are most
important?
‡ Marginal valuation
 To Subdivide or Not
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9



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 manchettes
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Know there is a market value for the small

acreage parcel

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‡ Know there is a desire to not have land
broken up

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± Market value of intact area
± Social values
± Values placed on Ecological characteristics
 manchettes
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ So which set of values dominate?

‡ Why would the landowner enter into a

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conservation easement?
‡ Is it only $ of the easement?

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‡ Is location important? Timing?
 Choices
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

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This or This?
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 Questions to Ponder
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Can you add up market and nonmarket

values?



‡ How much wilderness (biodiversity, water
quality) is enough?

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‡ If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge
is worth $X, is all fishing worth $X?
‡ Does everything have to put in dollar terms?
 Questions to Ponder
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9
‡ What is the trade-off between a tangible
(market) good and an intangible
(nonmarket) service if they are competitive?

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Antagonistic?

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 Questions to Ponder
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ How do you compare an economic value

expressed in $ with a social value expressed

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in ³I want more «´?
‡ Which one affects ecological processes

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more?
 Indicators and Values
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

27. Value of forage harvested from

rangeland by livestock

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28. Value of production of non-livestock
products produced from rangeland

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54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral
intentions towards natural resources
 Adding Up
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Discussed many times ± How do we avoid

double, triple, quadruple counting?

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‡ Is that important for the Indicator work?
‡ Do we really need a common metric ($)?

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‡ What do private landowners and public land
managers respond to?
± What values are important?
 Adding Up
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ In terms of conceptual model

± Ecosystem Services used

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± Some have $ values, others just social values
‡ Important issues are whether either value

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affects the ecological or human subsystems
and how
‡ Are ³market´ imperfections the cause?
 Values and Smm
99
9 9 9
9 9
9
99 9
9 99
9

‡ Back to the beginning!

‡ Indicators meant to be ³valueless´ ± things

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we monitor
‡ Common data set that each individual will

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view differently depending on their own
value set