Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SEQUESTRATION/UTILISATION
BY
M V RAMACHANDRA RAO
What Is CO2?
Carbon dioxide (chemical name CO2) is a clear gas composed of
one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O2). CO2 is just
one of many chemical forms of carbon on the Earth.
Facts of CO2
When a ton of carbon combines with oxygen, it makes nearly four
tons of CO2 gas.
Under normal conditions, CO2 is a gas. At temperatures below -78°C
(-109°F), CO2 condenses into a white solid called dry ice.
CO2 is produced naturally by processes deep in the earth.
Every day, millions of tons of CO2 are injected into underground
geologic zones to help produce oil in a well-known industry
practice called "CO2 flooding.
As a major greenhouse gas,CO2 helps create and maintain the
natural greenhouse effect that keeps our planet hospitable to life.
SOURCES OF CO2
Natural sources
Decomposition, ocean release and respiration.
Human sources
cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels
CARBON CYCLE
Global Warming
What is Global Warming?
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to
effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil
fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from
Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect.
What are the Greenhouse Gases?
water vapor, 36–70%
carbon dioxide, 9–26%
methane, 4–9%
ozone, 3–7%
It is not physically realistic to assign a specific
percentage to each gas because the absorption and
emission bands of the gases overlap
The most significant greenhouse gas is actually water vapor, not something
produced directly by humankind in significant amounts.
Even slight increases in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause a
substant
Why is this?
There are two reasons: First, although the concentrations of these gases are not
nearly as large as that of oxygen and nitrogen (the main constituents of the
atmosphere), neither oxygen or nitrogen are greenhouse gases. This is because
neither has more than two atoms per molecule (i.e. their molecular forms are
O2 and N2, respectively), and so they lack the internal vibrational modes that
molecules with more than two atoms have. Both water and CO2, for example, have
these "internal vibrational modes", and these vibrational modes can absorb and
reradiate infrared radiation, which causes the greenhouse effect. ial increase in
temperature.
Secondly, CO2 tends to remain in the atmosphere for a very long time (time scales
in the hundreds of years). Water vapor, on the other hand, can easily condense or
evaporate, depending on local conditions.
Rising Seas--- inundation of fresh water marshlands Changes in rainfall patterns --- droughts
(the everglades), low-lying cities, and islands with and fires in some areas, flooding in other
seawater areas
Source: Climate Interactive CROADS version 3.014 run April 22, 2013 based on
confirmed proposals as of April 19, 2013.
Energy efficient methods
Renewable energy
Alternate fuels
Alternate raw materials
Plantation
Scrubbing towers
CCS
WORLD PROJECTION
CARBON CAPTURE & SEQUESTRATION/UTILISATION
CCS: Carbon capture and storage (CCS), refers to a set of
technologies designed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from largepoint sources such as coal-fired power plants to mitigate
greenhouse gas production.
CCS technology (or sequestration) involves capturing CO2 and then
storing the carbon in a reervoir other than the atmosphere.
An integrated CCS system would include three main steps:
1. capturing and separating CO2;
2. compressing and transporting the captured CO2 to the
sequestration site; and
3. sequestering CO2 in geological reservoirs or in the oceans
post-
combustion
Capture
of CO2
oxy-fuel
pre-
combustion combustion
capture
This process involves extracting CO2 from the flue gas following combustion of fossil
fuels or biom
Several commercially available technologies, some involving absorption using
chemical solvents.
P1 P2
Membrane
Flue gas separation
CO2
Un permeated gas
Steam H2 Heat
reformi
CH4 or N G exchan
ng
ge H2O
CO2
This technique is used for internal combustion like GT power plants, IGCC and not
for external combustion like in cement plants & ST power plants
CO2 TRANSPORTATION
Pipelines are the most common method for
transporting CO2
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is used
for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Mineral Carbonation
BASF, and a US company, Novomer, are capturing CO2 from power plants
or other waste sources, using novel catalysts to make polypropylene
carbonate.
.
This plastic can be used for coatings, adhesives, foams and packaging
and can replace other plastics in these applications that are currently
made from oil. Both companies are moving towards commercial
processes.
Bayer, another large German chemical company, is also advancing a process to make
polyurethane foams using carbon dioxide.
SOLAR-JET PROJECT
A more brute force approach is that taken by the Solar Jet programme in Switzerland, led by Dr Aldo
Steinfeld of ETH-Zurich collaborating with Shell.
They designed a reactor that generates very high temperatures from solar energy to break
down carbon dioxide and water, converting them to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. From this
mixture they can make kerosene for jet fuel called solar kerosene
Conclusion:
This technology will need special policy incentives (domestic and international) so
that the Indian Industrial sector could consider it as a viable option.