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POWER SUPPLY (VOLTAGE

REGULATOR)

DC power supply block diagram

Output waveform at each block


POWER SUPPLY (VOLTAGE
REGULATOR)
• Power supply consist of filters, rectifiers and
voltage regulator.
• Starting with ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is
obtained by rectifying the ac voltage then
filtering to a dc level and finally regulating to
obtain a fixed dc voltage.
• The regulation normally are using IC voltage
regulator unit which remains the same dc
voltage even the input varies.
TRANSFORMER
• The transformer will function to steps down or up
the ac voltage to the level for the desired dc
output.

Example: Input at primary transformer 115V ac, use a transformer 1:3,


voltage at secondary transformer = 345V ac (step up transformer)
TRANSFORMER
• Basic transformer consists two windings. Its called primary and
secondary. The i/p of transformer is connected to the primary and
the o/p is taken from the secondary.

• Three types of transformer:


1. step up transformer
2. step down transformer
3. isolation transformer

Isolation transformer provide an output voltage that


is equal to the input voltage.
-use to electrically isolate the power supply from ac power
line and protect the power supply and the person working
at line voltage.
TRANSFORMER
• Transformer ratio is known as the turn
ratio of the component. The turn ratio of a
transformer is equal to the voltage ratio of
the component given as following:
Ns = Vs = Ip
Np Vp Is
Where:
Vp = primary (input) voltage Ip = primary (input) current
Np = number of turns on primary coil Is = secondary (output) current
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary
coil
RECTIFIER
• A rectifier is a diode circuit that converts the ac to what is
called pulsating dc. Its converts the ac signal to dc
signal.
• Rectifier produce unidirectional waveform (full wave)
• There are two circuit which can produce full waveform –
center tap transformer and bridge circuit.

i – bridge circuit ii - Center tap transformer


FILTER
• A simple capacitor filter will filter the full
waveform to produce a dc voltage.
• This resulting dc voltage usually has some
ripple or ac voltage variation.
FILTER

Single capacitor RC filter

Others types of filter:


• L filter
• π – type filter
LC filter
FILTER
• The single capacitor filter are the most basic
filter used in voltage regulator. The capacitor is
simply connected in the parallel with the load
resistance.
• The output waveform are known as ripple
voltage, Vr.
Voltage
ripple
Vr(p-p)
FILTER
The component of the output voltages are:

1) DC voltage – derive from an ac source after rectifying and filtering


will have some variation (ripple)

Vrms = Vp/√2
Vdc = Vp – ½ Vr(pp)

2) The ripple voltage, Vr


Vr (pp) = Idct /C = Vp/RfC

Note: the smaller the ac variation (ripple) with respect to dc level the
better the filter circuit operation.

Ripple factor = ripple voltage, Vr(pp) / DC voltage, Vdc


FILTER
Reduction of Ripple
Vi
Vr(p-p)
Vm Vdc

t
T1 T2

T3
T1: C charge fast through the very low resistance of the diode when it conducts
until Vm (peak voltage) is reached.
T2: C discharge slowly through the load, where the rectified voltage drops below
Vm.It charges again when the next cycle comes.
T1 = RDC T3 = Capacitor charging time
T2 = RLC RD<RL
A large value of C is chosen in order to maintain the voltage near the
peak voltage.
FILTER
Effect of The Capacitor Filter

The effect of capacitor are:


i. AC ripple is practically eliminated from the output
ii. DC output voltage is maintained during the entire
cycle of ac input
iii. C charges through the diode and discharges thtough
the load, so C is effectively the source of dc voltage.
iv. The average (dc) voltage is closer to Vm and the
amount of ripple is smaller
v. Larger dc voltage where smaller ripple
FILTER
Ripple Frequency

• In the half wave rectifier the dc output has a half ripple


frequency as to the ac frequency input because only one
half of each cycle of the ac input is used to produce dc
output.
• In the fullwave rectifier the dc output has a double ripple
frequency as to the ac input because both cycles of the
ac input are used.
• A higher ripple frequency is easier to filter, therefore the
fullwave rectifier offers the advantages of better filtering.
• For light load, there is very small ripple factor hence
such capacitor filter provide large dc voltage.
• For heavy load, the capacitor filter will produce a lower
value of dc voltage due to big ripple factor.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
• A voltage regulator is used to maintain a
constant output voltage.
• A voltage regulator also can use dc input to
provide a dc voltage that not only has much less
ripple voltage but remain the same dc value
even the dc input voltage varies or the load
connected to the output dc voltage changes.

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