Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
ground
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SIVA
Typical Geotechnical Project
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SIVA Copyright 2001 construction site
Shallow Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for firm soils or light loads
firm
ground
P
I
L
E
weak soil
bed rock 6
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Deep Foundations
retaining
wall
Road
Train
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Earth Dams
~ for impounding water
reservoir
clay
core shell
soil
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Concrete Dams
reservoir
concrete dam
soil
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Concrete Dams
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Earthworks
~ preparing the ground prior to construction
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Soil Nailing
~ steel rods placed into holes drilled into the walls
and grouted
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Sheet Piles
~ sheets of interlockingsteel or timber driven into
the ground, forming a continuous sheet
warehouse
ship
sheet pile
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Sheet Piles
~ resist lateral earth pressures
~ used in excavations, waterfront structures, ..
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Sheet Piles
~ used in temporary works
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Sheet Piles
~ interlocking sections
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Cofferdam
~ sheet pile walls enclosing an area, to
prevent water seeping in
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Landslides
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Shoring
propping and supporting the exposed walls to
resist lateral earth pressures
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Tunneling
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Blasting
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Ground Improvement
Smooth-wheeled Roller
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Ground Improvement
Big weights dropped
from 25 m, compacting
the ground.
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Instrumentation
~ to monitor the performances of earth and
earth supported structures
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Soil Testing
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Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering…
foundations soil
exploration
tunneling
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Hoover Dam, USA
ice/freezing
Slickensides;
Gouge;
Brecciation or crushing;
Weathering
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Wheathering
Fresh Rock No visible signs of weathering
Penetrative weathering developed in open
Slightly Weathered discontinuity surfaces but only slight
weathering of rock material.
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Classification of rocks
Uniaxial Compressive Strength
Weak - less than 35MPa
Strong 35-115MPa
Prefailure Deformation
Elastic
Viscous
Failure Characteristics
Brittle
Plastic
Gross Homogeneity
Massive
Layered
Continuity in Formation
Solid - joint spacing greater than 2m
Broken - fragmented
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Dams: ground improvement
Rock bolts
Rolling and preloading
compresses ground in prep for structure
improves post dam compaction
Gravity drainage and well points:
sand and gravel channels and shallow wells (for pumping) Electro-osmosis: insert
conduction rods into fine grained clay-rich bedrock and have an electric field - de-
waters ground via the flow of electric current
Vibroflotation
mechanical vibrating plate with load compresses low density gravels and sands
Explosives
useful in water-saturated gravel and scree – increases bulk density
Grouts
material injected into the ground
Chemical treatments
react solutions injected into ground. React with material to alter properties. NaCl
solution injected into smectite-rich mud, shale etc. to alter expansivity of smectite –
stabilizes ground pre-construction
Thermal treatment
Freezing with injected liquid N2 to consolidate loose ground during excavation.
Heating by burning petroleum under pressure in subsurface – causes thermal
metamorphism - hardens ground and cuts porosity
Reservoir
Apron drains (to
Pre-stressed
individual aquifers)
Injected anchors
grout curtain
Drain
Regolith
Aquiclude layers
Aquifer layers
Excavation
to rock
SIVA Copyright 2001
ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL STUDIES for
DAM CONSTRUCTION
SIVA
1. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
1. Topographic surveyings
2. Geological mappings
1/5000 – 1/1000 or 1/500
3. Underground explorations
Boreholes, adits....etc
4. Hydrogeological studies
Topography
Geology
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil
Material availability
Spillway position
Earthquakes
Safety
Height
Aesthetic view
Qualified labour
Cost
Topography
Geology
Materials
Spillway location availability
Derivation
Sediments in the flowing water
Water quality
Expropriation costs
Earthquake possibility
Downstream water rights