To Our

Presentation
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Topics Name:
Nuclear Power Plant

IUBAT-International University Of Business Agriculture

& Technology
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 Contents
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 Introduction

 Nuclear fuel

 Nuclear fission process

 Nuclear chain reaction

 Constituents of Nuclear power plant

 Types of power reactors commonly used

 World’s Nuclear power program

 Bangladesh Nuclear power program

 Advantages and Disadvantages

 5 Introduction
-A nuclear power plant is a thermal power
station in which the heat source comes from
one or more nuclear reactors.

-As in a conventional power station the heat is

used to generate steam which drives a steam
turbine connected to a generator which
produces electricity.

-Nuclear plants are generally considered

charging base stations, which are better
suited to constant power output.
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History of Nuclear Power Plant
 Origins
Nuclear fission was first experimentally achieved by Enrico
Fermi in 1934 when his team bombarded uranium with
neutrons.

 Early years
On June 27, 1954, the USSR’s Obninsk Nuclear Power
Plant became the world’s first nuclear power plant to
generate electricity for a power grid.
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History of Nuclear Power

 Development
Installed nuclear capacity initially rose relatively quickly, rising from less
than 1 gigawatt (GW) in 1960 to 100 GW in the late 1970s and 300 GW in
the late 1980s
 Nuclear Energy Today
Nuclear reactors produce about 20% of the electricity in the USA. There
are over 400 power reactors in the world (about 100 of these are in the
USA). They produce base-load electricity 24/7 without emitting any
pollutants into the atmosphere (this includes CO2). They do, however,
create radioactive nuclear waste that must be stored carefully.
 First civilian nuclear power station in
8 the world

 It was the first civilian nuclear power station in the world. The plant is also
known as APS-1 Obninsk (Atomic Power Station 1 Obninsk). Construction
started on January 1, 1951, startup was on June 1, 1954, and the first grid
connection was made on June 26, 1954. For around 4 years, till opening of
Siberian Nuclear Power Station, Obninsk remained the only nuclear power
reactor in the Soviet Union; the power plant remained active until April 29,
2002 when it was finally shut down.
 NUCLEAR FUEL
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 Nuclear fuel is any material that can be

consumed to derive nuclear energy. The
most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile
elements that can be made to undergo
nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear
reactor.

 The most common nuclear fuels are 235U

and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are used in
fission chain reactions.
10

Presented By : Omraj Singh

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NUCLEAR FISSION

When a neutron strikes an atom of

Uranium, the Uranium splits into two
lighter atoms and releases heat
simultaneously.
Fission of heavy elements is an
exothermic reaction which can release
large amounts of energy both as
electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic
energy of the fragments.
12 NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
 A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission
produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn
produces neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is
used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons.

 U235 + n → fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV

 If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions
doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions
and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
 FIG: NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION
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14 NUCLEAR REACTOR

 A nuclear reactor is a device in which

nuclear chain reactions are initiated,
controlled, and sustained at a steady
rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb,
in which the chain reaction occurs in
a fraction of a second and is
uncontrolled causing an explosion.
15 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
16 POWER PLANT (Cont.)
 Fuel Tube -
• Tube filled with pellets of Uranium
 Shielding -
• Protection against alpha, beta and Gamma Rays
 Moderator -
• Slow down the neutron release(Heavy water, Beryllium,
Graphite)
• Control Rods -
• Control rods made of a material material (boron Carbide,
cadmium) that absorbs neutrons are inserted into the
bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower the
control rods.
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 MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
18 POWER PLANT (Cont.)

 Coolant -

• To transfer the heat generated

inside the reactor to a heat
exchanger for utilization of
power generation
• Either ordinary water or heavy
water is used as the coolant

 Containment -

• Concrete lined cavity acting as a

radiation shield
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
19 POWER PLANT (Cont.)
 Containment -

• Concrete lined cavity acting as a

radiation shield
 Steam Generators-

• Steam generators are heat exchangers

used to convert water into steam
from heat produced in a nuclear
reactor core
 Steam Separator -

• Steam from the heated coolant is fed

to the turbines to produce electricity
from generator
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
20 POWER PLANT (Cont.)
 Steam Turbine -

• A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy

from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical
• Various high-performance alloys and super alloys have been used for
steam generator tubing

 Coolant Pump -

• The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the order of

155bar
• The pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant with the
help of the pump and a pressurize unit.
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22 MAIN COMPONENTS OF
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
 Feed Pump -

• Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the condenser for
condensation and re-circulated for the next cycle of operation
• The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the working fluid loop.

 Condenser-

• Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor into liquid

• The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust pressure
to increase the efficiency and to recover high quality feed water in the
form of condensate & feed back it to the steam generator without any
further treatment.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
23 POWER PLANT (Cont.)
 Cooling Towers-
• Cooling towers are heat
removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to
the atmosphere
• Water circulating through the
condenser is taken to the
cooling tower for cooling and
reuse
24 TYPES OF POWER REACTORS
COMMONLY USED

 Boiling water
Reactor(BWR)

 Pressurized water
Reactor(PWR)
 TYPES OF POWER REACTORS
25 COMMONLY USED

 Sodium Graphite
Reactor(SGR)

 Fast Breeder
Reactor(FBR)
26 BOILING WATER REACTOR
(BWR)
Coolant absorbed the heat in this reactor enriched uranium (enriched uranium
contain more fissionable isotope U(235) than the naturally percentage 0.7%)
is used as nuclear fuel and water is used as coolant. Water enters the reactor at
the bottom. it taken up the heat generated due to the fission of the fuel and gets
Converted into steam. Steam leaves the reactor at the top and flows to the
Turbine. Water also serves as
moderator. After doing useful
work, steam passes to the
condenser and by feed pump
again goes to the reactor .
 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)
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Coolant absorbed the heat in this reactor enriched uranium (enriched
Uranium contain more fissionable isotope U(235) than the naturally
percentage 0.7%) is used as nuclear fuel and water is used as coolant. Water
Passes through the reactor, core & taken heat from the reactor .in order that
Water may not boil & remain
In liquid state . It is kept under
As pressure of 1200 by the
pressurise.This enable water to
Take up more heat from the
reactor . After doing useful
work, steam passes to the
condenser and by feed pump
again goes to the reactor .
28 FAST BREEDER REACTOR(FDR)
In fast breeder reactor, the core surrounding U(235) is surrounded by a blanket or
Fertile material U(238). In this reactor no moderator is used. The fast moving
reactor liberated due to fission of U(235) are absorbed by U(238) which gets
Converted into fissionable material Pu(239) which is capable of sustaining chain
Reaction. Thus this reactor is important because if breeder fissionable material
From fertile material U(238). This reactor
uses two liquid meta coolant circuits. Liquid
Sodium is used an primary coolant when
circulated through the tubes of intermediate
heat exchange then it transfer heat to
secondary coolant sodium potassium alloy.
The secondary coolant while flowing through
the tubes of steam generator transfer its heat
to feed water.
29

WORLD’S NUCLEAR POWER

PROGRAM
WORLD PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY BY THE FUEL
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Source: International Energy Outlook 2010

31 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT STATUS IN
TH E WORLD

Present Status (As of Aug 2011)

No of Units in Operation:432

Total Installed Capacity: 365837 (MWe)

No of Units under Construction: 62 (Source: IAEA)

Total Installed Capacity: 62862 (MWe)
 NUCLEAR SHARE OF ELECTRICITY
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(UPTO 2010)

(Source: IAEA)
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Bangladesh Nuclear power

program
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Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurates the opening

phase of the 2,000 megawatt nuclear power (Ruppur Nuclear
Power Plant)
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Bangladesh first conceived building a nuclear power plant in 1961. The Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission was established after independence in 1973. The
country currently operates a TRIGA research reactor at the Atomic Energy
Research Establishment in Savar.
In February 2011, Bangladesh reached an agreement with Russia to build the
2,000 megawatt (MW) Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant with two reactors, each of
which will generate 1,200 MW of power. The nuclear power plant will be built
at Ruppur, on the banks of the Padma River, in the Ishwardi subdistrict
of Pabna, in the northwest of the country. The RNPP is estimated to cost up to
US$2 billion, and start operating by 2021.The inter-governmental agreement
(IGA) was officially signed on 2 November 2011.[5]
On 29 May 2013 Bangladesh's Prime Minister declared that a second nuclear
power plant will be constructed on an inland river island in southern region of
the country.
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ADVANTAGES
 Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide
(CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of
nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.
 This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first.
 It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single
plant.
 Highly Concentrated Source of Energy
1 kg wood: 1 kW·h
1 kg coal: 3 kW·h
1 kg oil: 4 kW·h
1 kg uranium: 50 000 kW·h
(3 500 000 kW·h with reprocessing)
 Nuclear Power: a Compact Source
Typical Fossil & Nuclear Sites : 1–4 km²
Solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV ) parks : 20–50 km²
Wind fields : 50–150 km²
Biomass plantations : 4000–6000 km² (a province)
38 DISADVANTAGES
 The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.

 High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security.

 The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce

resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years
depending on the actual demand.

 Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste cloud be preferred targets

for terrorist attacks.

 During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is

production, which in turn can be used for production of nuclear weapons.
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