Psychology : Key words

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 Psychology
• Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul and logos =
word) is the study of behavior, mind and thought. It is
largely concerned with humans, although the behavior
and thought of animals is also studied; either as a
subject in its own right or more controversially, as a
way of gaining an insight into human psychology by
means of comparison (see comparative psychology).
Psychology is commonly defined as: "the science of
behavior and mental processes".
• The scientific study of human behavior.
• Scientific study of human behavior, mental processes,
and how they are affected and/or affect an individuals
or group's physical state, mental state, and external
environment. It's goal is to describe, understand,
predict, and modify behavior.
• मनोविज्ञान (m)
manōvijñāna
• मनोिृवि (f)
manōvr̥ti
• अध्यात्म विद्या
adhyātma vidyā
• आत्म ित्व विद्या
ātma tatva vidyā
• मनोभाि विद्या
manōbhāva vidyā
 Psyche/ मानस/मानवसकिा/
• The human being consists of four parts: body,
psyche, mind and soul. Souls are the part that is
unfading. Mind mediates between soul and
psyche. The body is the instrument of the soul or
the container the soul dwells in.
• That which is responsible for one's thoughts and
feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason
• Term describes the conscious and unconscious
parts of the person. Considered a dynamic
system, in constant motion and governed by its
own laws.
• Mind, as divided into conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious in Sigmund Freud’s
topographic model
• साइकी (m)
sā'ikī
• आत्मा (f)
ātmā
• वित्त (m)
citta
• मन (m)
mana
• मानस
mānasa
 Psychographic/ मानवसक
वित्रात्मक/ आलेखी
• Describes consumers on the basis of
some psychological trait, characteristics or
life style.

• A technique of measuring and developing

lifestyle classifications.
 Psychographic
• In the field of marketing, demographics, opinion
research, and social research in general,
psychographic variables are any attributes relating to
personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles.
They are also called IAO variables (for Interests,
Attitudes, and Opinions). They can be contrasted with
demographic variables (such as age and gender), and
behavioral variables (such as usage rate or loyalty).
• When a relatively complete assessment of a person or
group's psychographic make-up is constructed, this is
called a psychographic profile. Psychographic profiles
are used in market segmentation and advertising.
• Some categories of psychographic factors used in
market segmentation include:
• Social class
• Lifestyle
• Behavior
 Psychologist
• A specialist who can talk with patients and their
families about emotional and personal matters,
and can help them make decisions.

• a specialist in the study of the structure and

function of the brain and related behaviors or
mental processes. A psychologist may provide
psychological evaluation, assessment, testing,
and treatment, but may not prescribe
medications.
 psychiatrist
• a medical doctor who specializes in the
diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

• licensed physicians (MD or DO) who specialize

in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of
mental disorders. Their medical and psychiatric
training prepares them to treat adults and
children either individually, as part of and
involving the family unit, and/or in a group
setting. Psychiatrists can prescribe medications,
if needed.
 Physiology
• the branch of the biological sciences
dealing with the functioning of organisms
• processes and functions of an organism
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and
logos = word) is the study of the
mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions of living organisms.
• noun
•
• जीिित्व
jīvatatva
• शरीरविज्ञान (m)
śarīravijñāna
• जीिन विद्या
jīvana vidyā
• प्राणीधमम विद्या
prāṇīdharma vidyā
• शरीर विया विज्ञान
śarīra kriyā vijñāna
• जीिन पद्ववि
jīvana padvati
•
 philosophy
• doctrine: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as
authoritative by some group or school
• the rational investigation of questions about existence
and knowledge and ethics
• any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with
a situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy";
"my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother
do it"

• The term philosophy derives from a combination of the

Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning
wisdom. What philosophy is, or should be, is itself a
philosophical question that philosophers have
understood and treated differently through the ages.
 Cognition/ अनुभूवि
• mental functions such as the ability to think, reason, and
remember.
• The conscious process of knowing or being aware of
thoughts or perceptions, including understanding and
reasoning.
• High level functions carried out by the human brain,
including comprehension and use of speech, visual
perception and construction, calculation ability, attention
(information processing), memory, and executive functions
such as planning, problem-solving, and self-monitoring.
• The term cognition is used in several different loosely
related ways. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental
processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view
that argues that the mind has internal mental states (such
as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood in
terms of information processing, especially when a lot of
abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such
as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example
are at work.
• noun
• Aaklana
• ज्ञान (m)
jñāna
• प्रज्ञान
prajñāna
• बोध (m)
bōdha
• संज्ञान
san̄jñāna
• परोक्ष ज्ञान
parōkṣa jñāna
 cognitive / संज्ञानात्मक/ ज्ञान-संबंधी

• of, relating to, or being conscious

intellectual activity (as thinking, reasoning,
remembering, imagining, or learning
words)
Awareness with perception, reasoning and
judgment, intuition, and memory; The
mental process by which knowledge is
acquired.
 PERSONALITY/ व्यक्तित्व/शक्तियि

• the complex of all the attributes--behavioral,

temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize
a unique individual; "their different reactions reflected
their very different personalities"; "it is his nature to help
others"
• In psychology, personality describes the character of
emotion, thought, and behavior patterns unique to a
person. There are several theoretical perspectives on
personality in psychology, which involve different ideas
about the relationship between personality and other
psychological constructs, as well as different theories
about the way personality develops.
 Self / स्वयं/ वनजी व्यक्तित्व
• your consciousness of your own identity
(used as a combining form) relating to--of or by or to or from
or for--the self; "self-knowledge"; "self-proclaimed"; "self-
induced"

• a person considered as a unique individual; "one's own self"

• The self is a key construct in several schools of psychology.

Usages differ between theorists and fields of study, but in
general the self refers to the conscious, reflective
personality of an individual. The study of the self involves
significant methodological problems, especially concerning
consciousness. Some of these are taken up in philosophy of
mind and metaphysics.
 self concept: स्व की अिधारणा / संकल्पना
• In social-psychological theory, the self as an object of
perception.

• The composite of ideas, feelings and attitudes that a

person has about his own identity, worth, capabilities
and limitations.

• A person's self image is the mental picture, generally of

a kind that is quite resistant to change, that depicts not
only details that are potentially available to objective
investigation by others (height, weight, hair color, nature
of external genitalia, I.Q. score, is this person double-
jointed, etc.), but also items that have been learned by
that person about himself or herself, either from personal
experience or by internalizing the judgments of others. ...
 Perception: धारणा

• In psychology and the cognitive sciences,

perception is the process of acquiring,
interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information. Methods of studying perception
range from essentially biological or physiological
approaches, through psychological approaches
to the often abstract 'thought-experiments' of
mental philosophy.
• An interpreted sensation. E.g., a sound felt is a
sensation; “the book has fallen” is a perception.
 attitude/ रिैया/स्र्ख़/ मनोभाि/दृविकोण

• a complex mental state involving beliefs and

feelings and values and dispositions to act in
certain ways; "he had the attitude that work was
fun“

• Attitude is a key concept in social psychology. In

academic psychology parlance, attitudes are
positive or negative views of an "attitude object":
a person, behavior, or event. Research has
shown that people can also be "ambivalent"
towards a target, meaning that they
simultaneously possess a positive and a
negative attitude towards it. ...
• way of thinking, behaving, feeling, etc.
 attitude
• ठाठ
ṭhāṭha
• ढं ग (m)
ḍhaṅga
• प्रिृवि (f)
pravr̥ti
• भाि (m)
bhāva
• मुद्रा (f)
mudrā
• रिैया (m)
ravaiyā
• क्तथिवि (f)
sthiti
• टशन
ṭaśana
• रुख़ (m)
ruḵẖa
 Motivation अवभप्रेरणा
• In psychology, motivation is the driving force
(desire) behind all actions of an organism.
• Desire to accomplish a goal or participate in an
endeavor.
• Feelings that drive someone toward a particular
objective.
• is the push of the mental forces to accomplish
an action. Unsatisfied needs motivate. On the
biological level basic human needs of food,
shelter and survival are powerful motivators. On
the psychological level people need to be
understood, affirmed, validated and appreciated.
On the business level motivation occurs when
people perceive a clear business reason for
pursuing a transfer of knowledge or practices.
 learning
• the cognitive process of acquiring skill or
knowledge; "the child's acquisition of language"
• eruditeness: profound scholarly knowledge
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge
or skill through study, experience or teaching. It
is a process that depends on experience and
leads to long-term changes in behavior potential.
Behavior potential describes the possible
behavior of an individual (not actual behavior) in
a given situation in order to achieve a goal.
a change in neural function as a consequence of
experience.
 Memory स्मृवि याद स्मरणशक्ति यादगार
• Memory is a function of the brain: the ability to retain
information. Memory is much studied by cognitive psychology
and neuroscience. There are multiple types of classifications
for memory based on duration, nature and retrieval of
perceived items.
• something that is remembered; "search as he would, the
memory was lost"
• the cognitive processes whereby past experience is
remembered; "he can do it from memory"; "he enjoyed
remembering his father"
• the power of retaining and recalling past experience; "he had
a good memory when he was younger"
• the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory
processes; "he taught a graduate course on learning and
memory"
 Innovation नई खोज ,नई पद्धवि
• Innovation is the introduction of new ideas,
goods, services, and practices which are
intended to be useful (though a number of
unsuccessful innovations can be found
throughout history). The main driver for
innovation is often the courage and energy to
better the world. An essential element for
innovation is its application in a commercially
successful way. Innovation has punctuated and
changed human history (consider the
development of electricity, steam engines, motor
vehicles, et al). ...
• Creating value out of new ideas, new products,
new services or new ways of doing things.
 Involvement संयुि करना

• a level of participation in which people

actively participate in defining the problem,
possible solutions and take part in the final
decision.
• engagement: the act of sharing in the
activities of a group; "the teacher tried to
increase his students' engagement in
class activities"
 Intelligence
• Intelligence is a general mental capability that
involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems,
think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language,
and learn. In psychology, the study of intelligence
is related to the study of personality but is not the
same as creativity, personality, character, or
wisdom.
• s the ability to learn and reason, the capacity for
knowledge and understanding, the ability to think
abstractly or profoundly. Intellectual intelligence
has forty-four faculties under, which you never
discard. The five most essential mental faculties
(Logic, Reason, Discrimination, Discretion and
Discernment) lead to spiritualized intelligence and
understanding.
 information processing

• A key concept in cognitive psychology.

Drawing on the image of the way
computers work, information resulting from
stimulation of the sense organs is
analyzed and transformed by a number of
serial and parallel processors (see neural
net) each of which takes as input the
information output by another processor.
 mind
• that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings;
the seat of the faculty of reason; "his mind wandered"; "I
couldn't get his words out of my head“

• The mind is the term most commonly used to describe

the higher functions of the human brain, particularly those
of which humans are subjectively conscious, such as
personality, thought, reason, memory, intelligence and
emotion. Although other species of animals share some
of these mental capacities, the term is usually used only
in relation to humans. It is also used in relation to
postulated supernatural beings to which human-like
qualities are ascribed, as in the expression "the mind of
God."
 Ethos/ प्रकृवि/िररत्र
• Following Aristotle, persuasion based upon an
appeal that concentrates upon the source of the
message rather than the source itself
• Ethos is a Greek word corresponding roughly to
Modern English's "ethics."
• is a persuasive, or rhetorical, appeal depending
on the trustworthiness or reliability of the
communicator as well as his or her credibility. All
corporations have an ethos. The ethos consists
of the values and beliefs of a corporation that
determine what persona the corporation
assumes when communicating to listeners,
viewers, and readers.
 pathos
• a quality that arouses emotions (especially pity
or sorrow); "the film captured all the pathos of
their situation"
• commiseration: a feeling of sympathy and
sorrow for the misfortunes of others; "the blind
are too often objects of pity"
• a style that has the power to evoke feelings
Pathos (from paschein, the Greek word meaning
"to suffer") is an appeal to another's pride or
character in general. It is a means of persuasion.
It is a part of Aristotle's philosophies in rhetoric.
 logos
• The Greek word λόγος or logos is a word with
various meanings but which is often translated
into English as "word" but can also mean
thought, speech, reason, principle, standard, or
logic among other things. It has varied use in the
philosophy, analytical psychology, and religion.
• a rational/logical account of the world. a priori --
knowledge that is derived prior to experience
• The name used by Aristotle for the logical
appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of
logos are evidence and reasoning.
 Rhetoric
• Rhetoric (from Greek ρητωρ, rhêtôr, "orator") is
one of the three original liberal arts or trivium
(the other members are dialectic and grammar).
While it has meant many different things during
its 2500-year history, it is generally described
today as the art of persuasion through language.
Rhetoric can describe a persuasive way in which
one relates a theme or idea in an effort to
convince.
• using language effectively to please or persuade
 Metaphor/ रूपक
• a figure of speech in which an expression is
used to refer to something that it does not
literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

• In language, a metaphor is a rhetorical trope

where a comparison is made between two
seemingly unrelated subjects. Typically, a first
object is described as being a second object. In
this way, the first object can be economically
described because implicit and explicit attributes
from the second object can be used to fill in the
description of the first. ...
 Analogy/ अनुरूपिा/ समरूपिा /
समानिा
• an inference that if things agree in some
respects they probably agree in others
• drawing a comparison in order to show a
similarity in some respect; "the operation of a
computer presents and interesting analogy to
the working of the brain"; "the models show by
analogy how matter is built up“
• An analogy is a comparison between two
different things, in order to highlight some form
of similarity.
 Thoughts
• Thought or thinking is a mental process which
allows beings to model the world, and so to deal
with it effectively according to their goals, plans,
ends and desires. Concepts akin to thought are
sentience, consciousness, idea, and
imagination.
• thinking: the process of using your mind to
consider something carefully; "thinking always
made him frown"; "she paused for thought"
 neural
• Having to do with nerves or the nervous system,
including the brain and the spinal cord.

• Pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system.

• he nervous system of an animal coordinates the
activity of the muscles, monitors the organs,
constructs and processes input from the senses,
and initiates actions.
 Neural network
• A neural network is an interconnected group of
artificial or biological neurons. It is possible to
differentiate between two major groups of neural
networks:*Biological neural networks, for
example the human brain or parts
thereof.*Artificial neural networks originally
referred to electrical, mechanical or
computational simulations or models of
biological neural networks. The field has
expanded so that some applications do not
clearly resemble any existing biological
counterpart.
• The brain's actual interconnected mesh of
neurons.
 Neuron
• A unique type of cell found in the brain and
body that is specialized to process and
transmit information.
• Neurons (also spelled neurones or called
nerve cells) are the primary cells of the
nervous system. In vertebrates, they are
found in the brain, the spinal cord and in
the nerves and ganglia of the peripheral
nervous system.
 Conscious
• Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally
regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-
awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to
perceive the relationship between oneself and one's
environment. Philosophers divide consciousness into
phenomenal consciousness which is experience itself
and access consciousness which is the processing of
the things in experience
• The conscious part of the mind includes mental activity
that we are aware of-- immediate perceptions from the
senses and activated mental process such as memory,
emotion, imagery, reasoning, creativity, decision
making, learning, and thought. Conscious observation of
the external physical world includes discerning publicly
verifiable qualitative and quantitative information,
categorical knowledge and rules of society, and events
near and far, first hand or otherwise. ...
 Subconscious (अििेिन) mind
• The unconscious mind (or subconscious)
is more than simply the aspect or aspects
of the mind of which we are not directly
conscious or aware

• psychic activity just below the level of

awareness
 Concise / Cautious
concise
• expressing much in few words; "a concise explanation“

cautious
• showing careful forethought; "reserved and cautious; never
making swift decisions"; "a cautious driver"
• avoiding excess; "a conservative estimate"
• timid: people who are fearful and cautious; "whitewater rafting is
not for the timid"
• cautious in attitude and careful in actions; prudent; "a cautious
answer"; "very cautious about believing everything she was told"

conspicuous
• obvious to the eye or mind;
• blatant: without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious;
"blatant disregard of the law"; "a blatant appeal to vanity"; "a
blazing indiscretion"
Easy to be seen.
Clearly visible, attracts attention to it's self because of a striking
feature.
 Stimulus/ प्रेरणा/ उत्तेजना
• : something that rouses or incites to
activity: an agent (as an environmental
change) that directly influences the activity
of a living organism or one of its parts (as
by exciting a sensory organ or evoking
muscular contraction or glandular
secretion)
 Trait विशेषिा लक्षण ख़वसयाि

• a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

• a characteristic that is inherited
• traits - Ways of looking, thinking, or being. Traits
that are genetic are passed down through the
genes from parents to offspring.
• a specific personal characteristic or attribute
which occurs consistently and influences
behavior across a range of situations.
 Test
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

1 Psychology Physiology philosophy

2 Psychographic perception analogy

3 attitude metaphor Psychographic

4 Cognition logos personality

5 pathos psyche trait

6 Stimulus Psychographic Conscious