Principles of Electrical

Technology

Fundamentals
 Fundamentals
• International System of units (SI units)
 Fundamentals
• Some SI derived units
 Fundamentals
• Unit prefixes used in scientific notation
Principles of Electrical
Technology

Chapter 1 – Electricity
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, students are able to:

i. Describe the concept of electricity

ii. Develop a complete electric circuit
 Electricity

• Electric Current – Rate at which free electron (charge) move

through material in a particular direction.

Example:
A charge of 35 mC is move between to points in a time of 20
ms. Calculate the value of current flowing
 Electricity Measurement

• How to measure electricity?

Measure of numbers and speed of charge move from one
point to the other
Situation Measurement Level Material
↑ no of ↑ Current High Conductor
charge move Electricity
at ↑ speed
↓ no of ↓ Current Low Insulator
charge move Electricity
at ↓ speed
 Electricity Measurement

• How to measure the direction of electricity?

Move in the direction of positive to negative

Positive – Higher potential (force) compare to the negative

Force – energy required for the charge to move (electric current

generated)

When electric current generated, it need to be utilize or else it will

be dangerous
• Required force and path to move and need to be utilize.
• Electricity parameters : Force, Path, Utilization Point
 Electrical Circuit

• Defines as a complete path for the current to flow from

positive terminal to the negative terminal.
• It is constructed by a circuit elements which are:
i) Source – the force needed for the current to flow
ii) Path – the route for the current to flow
iii) Load – the place where the current been utilize
• If the there are a complete path for the current to flow, it is
known as a complete circuit or closed circuit.
• If the there are not a complete path for the current to flow, it
is known as a incomplete circuit or open circuit.
 Closed Circuit & Open Circuit

Closed Circuit Open Circuit

Figure A Figure B
 TASK 1

List the characteristics of the open circuit and closed circuit

from the configuration in Figure A and Figure B.

Open circuit – switch is OFF, disconnection of current path

Closed circuit – switch is ON, connection of current path
Open circuit –disconnection of current path, light is OFF
Closed circuit – complete connection of current path, light ON
 Circuit Diagram

• Circuit diagram is always draw in a form of a standard symbol.

• Reasons : ease of drawing, validity of the drawing, worldwide
can understand
• There are thousands of electrical symbol available.
• If it draw in a standard symbol, it called schematic circuit
diagram
• In schematic circuit diagrams components are represented by
the following symbols:
 Standard Symbol

cell battery switch lamp buzzer

ammeter voltmeter motor resistor variable

resistor
 Ohm’s Law

• Fundamental Relationship between voltage,

current & resistance
Ohm’s Law
 Example

• A current of 5.5 mA flows through a 33 kΩ

resistor. Calculate the supply voltage of the
circuit and power delivered by the circuit
• If the voltage of 24V exists across a 15Ω
resistor, what will be the current flowing in the
circuit and the power consumption of the
load.
• Given the rated power of the circuit is 4 watt,
12 V. Identify the load resistance and current.
 Types of Electrical Circuit
• Series Circuit and parallel circuit - It classified based on the way how it is
connected.

• Series Circuit
- only one end of the circuit element is connected together
- only one current path for the current to flow
- current is the same value in any point of the circuit
- voltage drop across the component is depends in the value of the resistance

• Parallel Circuit
- both end of the circuit element is connected together
- more than one current path for the current to flow
- voltage is the same value in any point of the circuit
- current drop across the component is depends in the value of the resistance
 Series and Parallel Circuit
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

One supply, wire and two bulb

 Schematic Diagram

• Series Circuit

The components are connected end-to-end, one after the

other.
They make a simple loop for the current to flow round.
If one bulb ‘blows’ it breaks the whole circuit and all the
bulbs go out.
 Schematic Diagram

• Parallel Circuit

The components are connected side by side

Current has a choices of routes
If one bulb ‘blows’ it breaks there still be another complete
route for the current
Measurement of the Electrical Parameters

• Instrument that will be used is depends on the types of the

parameters that being measured.
- Voltage – Voltmeter
- Current – Ammeter
- Resistance – Ohmmeter
• They need to used individual different instrument or can used
one instrument called multimeter
• The instruments used is very sensitive thus the method to use
need to be observe.
 Measuring Current – using ammeter

• Electric current is measured in amps (A) using an ammeter

connected in series in the circuit.
• Ammeter is connected in between the component

Series Circuit - current is the same Parallel circuit - current is shared between
at all points in the circuit. the components
 Current Measurement

• Determine the expected current value

measured by the ammeter in figure below.
 Measuring Voltage – using Volmeter
• Voltage is measured in volts (V) using an voltmeter connected in parallel
in the circuit.
• Voltmeter is connected across the components

Series circuit - voltage is depending on the Parallel Circuit - voltage is the same
value of the components. across each point of the components
 Series Circuit – Voltage Measurement
• Voltage is shared among the components

• Does it always having the same value?

Parallel Circuit – Voltage Measurement
• Voltage are same at all parts in the circuit
 Voltage & Current Measurement
• Determine the expected value measured by
the voltmeter and ammeter in figure below.
 Cost of Electricity
• Electricity meter – used to measure electrical energy
consumption in kilowatt-hour (kwh)
1 kWh = 1 unit
• Calculated based on unit used multiply by the time
interval multiply by cost per unit
CoE = Unit used * Time * Cost per unit
 Example

Calculate the cost of electricity of a heater

operating at 12.5 kWh for the period of 8.5
hours if the cost per unit is RM 0.08

An electricity bill totalled of RM 78.75 which

include a standing charge of RM 15.00. The
number of unit is 750. Calculate the charge
per unit and the new bill amount if the cost
per unit had been revised to RM0.09
 Exercise
• A small business operates 3 pieces of equipment for nine
hours per day for 6 days per week. If the equipment
consume 10 kW, 2.5 kW and 600 W respectively, calculate
the weekly cost of electricity if charge per unit is RM 0.09

• Charge A 3 kW immersion heater is designed to operate

from a 240 V supply. Determine its resistance and the
current drawn from the supply.

• 18 A 110 V d.c. generator supplies a lighting load of forty

100 W bulbs, a heating load of 10 kW and other loads
which consume a current of 15 A. Calculate the power
output of the generator under these conditions.