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Categories of Spatial Analysis
(Longley et al.)
• Hypothesis testing
• Queries and reasoning
– Map & database/catalog queries, buffer, polygon
overlay
• Measurements
– Aspects of geographic data, length, area, etc.
Categories of Spatial Analysis
(Longley et al.)
• Transformations
– New data, raster to vector, geometric rules
– Buffer, polygon overlay
– Interpolation, Density Estimation, Terrain Analysis
(Lab 6)
• Descriptive summaries
– Essence of data in 1 or 2 parameters
– Spatial statistics (including fragmentation statistics)
• Optimization - ideal locations, routes
– Network analysis (Lab 5), Routing
Interpolation
Nonlinear Interpolation
wi 1 d i
2
point i
known value zi
location xi
weight wi distance di
z (x) wi zi w i
The estimate is a weighted
average
i i
• ozone concentrations at CA
measurement stations
1. estimate a complete field, make a map
2. estimate ozone concentrations at
specific locations (e.g., Los Angeles)
Data for IDW Example
Power of distance wi 1 d i2
4 sectors
Cross validation
• removing one of the n observation points and using the
remaining n-1 points to predict its value.
• Error = observed - predicted
Results
generally smooth
surface
Range – no
more surprises
sill
nugget
A semivariogram. Each cross represents a pair of points. The solid circles are obtained by averaging within
the ranges or bins of the distance axis. The solid line represents the best fit to these five points, using one of a
small number of standard mathematical functions.
Kriging Results
• once the variogram has been developed,
it is used to estimate distance weights
for interpolation
• computationally very intensive w/ lots of
data points
• estimation of the variogram complex
– No one method is absolute best
– Results never absolute, assumptions about
distance, directional bias
Kriging Example
http://www.ars.usda.gov/News/docs.htm?docid=12555
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/statistics/epa_program/sac2005js.htm