Dr. R.

Nagarajan
Professor, Dept of Chemical Engineering
IIT Madras
Lecture - 3
 TRANSPORT LAWS
Influence….
Local rates at which reactants encounter each
other
Ability of reactants to be raised to a temperature
at which reaction rates become appreciable
Volume (or area) required to carry out reaction at
desired rate
Amount & fate of unwanted byproducts
produced, etc.
 TRANSPORT LAWS CONTD…

Require
Necessary assumptions to be stated

Control volume & control surface to be defined

PRINCIPAL ASSUMPTIONS IN MODELING
OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
 LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS
Continuum/ Free-Molecular
Compressible/ Incompressible
Viscous/ Inviscid
Laminar/ Turbulent
Steady/ Unsteady
1D/ Multi-dimensional
Newtonian/ Non-Newtonian
Local/ Non-local
 LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS CONTD…

Must be expressed in terms of non-dimensional

parameters
Must be validated
 CONTINUUM/ FREE-MOLECULAR
Primary non-dimensional parameter: Knudsen
number, Kn
Kn = l/L
l  mean free path
L  characteristic flow dimension
Kn << 1 => continuum
Kn >> 1 => free-molecular
Kn ≈ 1 => “transitional”; most complex to analyze
 COMPRESSIBLE/ INCOMPRESSIBLE
Critical parameter: Fluid density, 
 constant along flow streamlines in a steady
flow => incompressible
e.g., liquids
Significant fractional changes in  along flow
streamlines => compressible
e.g., natural convection in gravity; unsteady
flows such as “blast” waves
 VISCOUS/ INVISCID
Inviscid => linear momentum diffusion (local
shear stresses) << convection, normal pressure,
body forces
Critical non-dimensional parameter: Reynolds
number, Re
Re = linear momentum flux by convection/ by
diffusion
Re = UU)/ (U/L)
 VISCOUS/ INVISCID CONTD…

Re = characteristic momentum diffusion time/

residence time
Re = (L2/)/(L/U)

Re >> 1 => mostly inviscid (though local regions

may be viscous)
Re << 1 => entire flow is viscous
 LAMINAR/ TURBULENT
Critical non-dimensional parameter: Re
Re > Re transition => turbulent
In turbulent mode, flows exhibit enhanced time-
averaged rates of
 Mass,
 Momentum, and
 Energy transport
due to superimposed chaotic motion of parcels of
fluid
 “eddies”
 STEADY/ UNSTEADY

Critical parameter: accumulation term (d/dt) in

conservation equation
Important in unsteady flows
 periodic, chaotic

Insignificant in steady flows (time-independent)

“Quasi-steady” => slowly varying with time;
small difference between large terms
 1D/ MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
All fields vary in each spatial direction => 3D;
PDE
All fields vary in two spatial directions => 2D;
PDE
Fields depend primarily on only one spatial
variable => 1D; PDE
ODE if time-independent (steady)
 1D/ MULTI-DIMENSIONAL CONTD…

Quasi-1D => dependent variabilities averaged in

all directions but one
e.g., area-averaging across each cross-
section of a variable-area nozzle
 NEWTONIAN/ NON-NEWTONIAN
Critical characteristic: stress versus rate of deformation
relationship
 Linear => Newtonian

 Studied in Fluid Mechanics

 Non-linear => non-Newtonian

 Studied in Rheology
 e.g., polymer melts, slurries, unstable reacting gas
mixtures
 LOCAL/ NON-LOCAL EFFECTS
Spatial, temporal

 Spatial, e.g.: electron conduction in micro-crystallites,

radiation transport through nearly transparent media

 Occurs when n ≈ 1 (transitional regime)
 Temporal, e.g.: gels, other visco-elastic fluids

Distance & memory effects

Flux affected by non-local & previous stresses

 CONTROL VOLUMES IN CONTINUUM

Lagrangian

Eulerian

Hybrid

General
 LAGRANGIAN CONTROL VOLUME

“material” CV

Simplest

Moves at every point on its surface with local fluid

velocity
Always retains material originally present in CV
LAGRANGIAN CONTROL VOLUME CONTD..

Time derivatives known as “material” or

“substantial” derivatives
 EULERIAN CONTROL VOLUME

“fixed” CV

Surfaces fixed in physical space

Fluid flows through

Differential equations result

EULERIAN CONTROL VOLUME
ANIMATION
 HYBRID CONTROL VOLUME

Partly Lagrangian, partly Eulerian

Some surfaces fixed, some move with local fluid

velocity
Some move with velocity which is neither
 HYBRID CONTROL VOLUME
ANIMATION
e.g., liquid in an open-ended funnel
 GENERAL CONTROL VOLUME
Neither fixed, nor moving with fluid velocity
Surfaces move “arbitrarily”
e.g., to analyze detonations
 CONSERVATION LAWS

“balance principles”
Valid irrespective of type of fluid mixture being
considered
Total mass is conserved
In ordinary chemical reactions, each chemical
element mass is conserved
Species are generated & consumed
Elements just “change partners”
 CONSERVATION LAWS CONTD….

Momentum is conserved (Newtonian classical

mechanics)
 Total linear
 Angular
 CONSERVATION LAWS CONTD…
 Energy is conserved (I law of
thermodynamics)
 Total (thermodynamic + kinetic)
 Kinetic (mechanical energy)
 Total mixture entropy is conserved (II law of

thermodynamics)
 CONSERVATION LAWS CONTD…

Depend on “constitution” of fluid

Not necessarily valid for all substances
Required to complete the quantitative description
of any particular reactive flow
 Needed for closure

Can be completely phenomenological

 Directly measurable by experiments under
simple conditions, independent of any
molecular-level model of the fluid
 CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

 Constants & coefficients can be obtained by

molecular modeling as well
 e.g., kinetic theory of low-density gases
 CONSTITUTIVE LAWS CONTD…
Not free of constraints set by conservation
principles
Examples:

Equation of state

Diffusion flux laws

Reaction rates
 FIELD DENSITIES
Each conservation law is associated with a “field
density”
 Spatial concentration of conserved quantity,
relative to local mass density
 Total mass

 Species mass

 Element mass

 Linear momentum

 Total energy
 FIELD DENSITIES CONTD…

 Mechanical energy
 Entropy
 FIELD DENSITIES CONTD…
Quantity Local Field Density Meaning

Total mass  Total mass per unit

volume
Species mass i =   i Mass of species i per
(i = 1,….N) unit volume
Element mass (k) = (k) Mass of element k
(k = 1,….Nelem) per unit volume
Linear momentum V Linear momentum
per unit volume

Total energy (e + V2/2) Total energy per unit

volume
Mechanical (kinetic) V2/2 Local kinetic energy
energy per unit volume
Entropy s Entropy per unit
volume