4th Quarter

Chapter 4: Learning From Others and

Reviewing the Literature

4th Q- Lesson 1: Review

of Related Literature and
Study

By: AMM, RN MAN LPT

 Overview: Terms to Remember

• Literature: is an oral or written record of

man’s significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.
- embodied in any literary work like essay,
novel, journal, story, biography, etc. are
man’s thoughts and feelings about the
world.
 Overview: Terms to Remember

• Review of Related Literature: is an analysis of

man’s written or spoken knowledge of the
world.
- you examine representations of man’s
thinking about the world to determine the
connection of your research with what
people already know about it.
 Overview: Literature Review

• Review of Related Literature:

- in your analysis of reading of recorded
knowledge, you just do not catalog ideas in
your research paper, but also interpret them
or merge your thinking with the author’s
ideas.
Literature Review
 Literature Review

• Is a process of studying what has already

been written on a particular topic.

• The process involves identifying, locating,

and analyzing documents that contain
information related to a researcher’s
research topic.
 Literature Review

• The literature can cover a range of sources,

namely:
- Journal articles; Monographs;
Computerized databases; Conference
proceedings; Theses and dissertations;
Empirical studies; Government reports
and reports from other bodies; Historical
records; Statistical handbooks;
Why do Literature Review?
 Why do Lit. Rev?

• The role of lit review in QUALI researchers is

not entirely defined.
• Some Quali researchers argue that
reviewing the lit is used to determine the
direction of the research and thus should be
avoided at the early stages of the research
process.
 Why do Lit. Rev?

• Others suggest that the RRL is important

early in QUALI research because it serves
the ff functions:
- It demonstrates the underlying
assumptions (propositions) behind the
research questions that are central to the
research proposal.
 Why do Lit. Rev?

• Dempster and Hannah (2016):

1. To indicate the research that has been
conducted in the area before, to ensure
that you’re not ‘reinventing the wheel’
(to avoid duplicaton of the study).
2. To demonstrate you’re aware of
important and recent studies in your
study area.
 Why do Lit. Rev?

• Dempster and Hannah (2016):

3. To assist in pointing you to a data-

collection tool that is most appropriate
for your study.
4. To explain the theoretical background to
your proposed research project.
 Why do Lit. Rev?

• Dempster and Hannah (2016):

5. To demonstrate your ability to critically

analyze the lit in your study area. Also
to highlight the existing gap or any
disagreements in the research area that
your study addresses.
KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV
- “narrative lit review”

- It helps explain why your study is

important in the context of literature,
and can also help you identify areas that
need further research.
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV
- To do a traditional lit rev is to summarize
present forms of knowledge on a specific
subject.

- Prone to your subjectivity;

 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV

- This is the most appropriate method for

undergraduate, which permits freedom
and flexibility in doing your work.
(preparation for systematic review-
which is done in graduate level)
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV
- TYPES:
a) Scoping review- prepares a situation
for future research work in the form
of project making about community
devt, govt policies, and health services
among others (evidence-based)
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV
- TYPES:

b) Critical review – focuses on theories or

hypothesis and examines meanings
and results of their application to
situations;
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 1. ) TRADITIONAL LIT REV
- TYPES:
c) Conceptual review – analysis of
concepts or ideas to give meaning to
some national or world issues;
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 2. ) SYSTEMATIC REV OF LIT.
- “systematic- which means
methodological”, is a style of RRL that
involves sequential acts of RRL.
- It follows several steps (unlike
traditional):
a) Have a clear understanding of res
questions.
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
It follows several steps (unlike traditional):
b) Plan your manner of obtaining data
(how to get data, communication for
getting data, etc.).
c) Do the lit search (using keywords, look
for info from diff sources of knowledge)
d) Determine the soundness of the res
studies. Use checklist or certain set of
criteria.
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
It follows several steps (unlike traditional):
e) Summarize what you have gathered
from various sources of data. May use
graph, like table and other
presentation that are not prone to
verbosity.
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
• 2. ) SYSTEMATIC REV OF LIT.
- Is bias-free style, limiting itself to peer-
reviewed journals, academically written
works, and quanti assessment of data, to
ensure objectivity in every stage of
research.
 KINDS OF LIT REVIEW
Standards Traditional Rev Systematic Rev

Purpose To have a thorough and To meet a certain

clear understanding of the objective based on
field specific Res. Ques.
Scope Comprehensive, wide Restricted focus
picture
Review Design Permits creative and Viewable process and
exploratory plan paper trail
Quality Reviewers’ views Assessment checklist
Appraisal
Summary Narrative Graphical and short
summary answers
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD LIT REVIEW
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD LIT REVIEW
1. Materials must be as recent as possible.
-This is important because of the changes
that are going on.

2. Materials must be objective and unbiased

as possible.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD LIT REVIEW
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
-have a bearing/ support/ relevant on your
study.
4. Materials must not be too few but not too
many.
- Use your discretion on how much to
include but there should be enough
materials to offer insights on the study.
TYPES OF SOURCES
 TYPES OF SOURCES
***Terms (What am I citing?):

Journal- a scholarly work published

periodically containing highly classified
research.
Film- a motion picture or movie, can be
fictional, documentary, or even youtube
videos.
 TYPES OF SOURCES
Magazines- a popular work published
periodically (weekly, monthly, etc,) focusing
on a specific subject of interest.
Newspaper- periodical publication
containing news, events, interview, and
opinion article.
Computer- a collection of electronic
materials that provides information about a
certain topic.
 TYPES OF SOURCES
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
- Publications in which researchers report
the results of their studies.
- Findings are communicated by the
authors directly to the readers.
- Ex: Journals that are published monthly,
quarterly or bi-annually.
 TYPES OF SOURCES

2. SECONDARY SOURCES
- Publications in which authors describe the
work of others.
- Ex: Textbooks, encyclopedias, research
reviews, and yearbooks.
 TYPES OF SOURCES

General references- can direct you in what

other materials you can get information
from related to your topic.
-May include articles, monographs, books,
and other documents.
 -RRL-
Stage 1: “Search” for the Lit Rev
 Stage 1: Search for the Lit Rev
-a stage of RRL where you devote much of
your time in looking for sources to answer
your research questions or to support your
assumptions.
-Note: Since any person is free to use the
Internet for displaying information that is
peer-reviewed or not, you need to be
careful in evaluating online sources.
 Stage 1: Search for the Lit Rev
-you can have access to various sources of
data in two methods:
a) Manually- getting hold of the printed
form of the material
b) Electronically- having a computer or
online reading of the sources of knowledge.
 Stage 1: Search for the Lit Rev
*Pointers you have to remember in searching
for the best sources of info or data:
(Fraenbell, 2012)
1. Choose previous research findings that are
closely related to your research.
2. Give more weight to studies done by
people possessing expertise or authority in
the field of knowledge to which the research
studies belong.
 Stage 1: Search for the Lit Rev
3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer
more to primary data (direct) than to
secondary data (indirect).
4. Prefer getting info from peer-reviewed
materials than from general reading
materials.
 Search for the Lit Rev

-Our Resources:
1. https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
https://scholar.google.com.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
-Our Resources:
2. lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev

Username: lcup
Password: library
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
Search for the Lit Rev
lcup.edu.ph
 Search for the Lit Rev
-Our Resources:

3. www.academia.edu
4. www.google.com
http://mjst.ustp.edu.ph/index.php/test
Search for the Lit Rev
Search for the Lit Rev
Stage 2: Reading the Source
Material
 Stage 2: Reading the Source
Material

-Reading, understanding, or making the

materials meaningful to you is what will
pre-occupy you on the second stage of
reading RRL.
 Stage 2: Reading the Source
Material
-On top of these should be your ability to
criticize or evaluate, apply, and create
things about what you have read.
Hence, reading or making sense of the
source materials does not only make you list
down ideas from the materials, but also
permits you to modify, construct, or
reconstruct ideas based on a certain
principle, theory, pattern, method or theme
underlying your research.