PRINCIPLES OF

SUPERVISORY PRACTICES
By:
KENO SANCHEZ SHEILA SAYSON
LUCELLE TEJARES ALDIN TEJARES
NORJANAH BAUNTO
 A blue whale is the largest mammal on
earth. An adult blue whale is the length of
over three Greyhound buses, weighs more
than a fully loaded 747. It is so large that it
takes at least three minutes for it to make a
turn of 180 degrees.
 Many people draw a strong parallel
between blue whales and our schools,
businesses and even communities. It
just seems to take forever to change
direction.
§ But a school of sardines consisting of a greater
mass than a blue whale can turn almost
instantly. How do they do it?
Is it ESP? CB radio? The Internet
If you take a careful look at a school of
sardines, you'll see that the fish appear to
be swimming in the same direction. In reality,
there will always be a small group of sardines
swimming against the flow causing friction
with the rest of the school.
But when this dedicated group of
‘committed sardines’ reaches a critical
mass of only 15 to 20 percent, they
induce the rest of the school to
suddenly turn and follow their
leadership! Isn't that what happened
with our attitudes towards CHANGE?
They were changes of direction induced by a small
group of people who were truly committed to
change, to go against the flow, to cause discomfort,
and to challenge the normal direction.

That's why we're considered like those of

“Committed Sardines.”
 WHAT IS EDUCATIONAL
LEADERSHIP?
§ Over 350 definitions in the literature it most
agree on:
– Leadership is a group function: it occurs
only in the process of 2 or more people
interacting.
– Leaders intentionally seek to influence
the behavior of other people.

Robert Owens
 WHAT IS AUTHORITY?
§ The power to influence thought and
behavior

§ When we say Power it means:

• The ability for A to get B to do what B
would normally not do
What is The Purpose of
Supervision?
§ Comes from the Latin root meaning
“oversee” or “have over sight of”
which means to direct or manage the
works of others
§ To assist the organization in reaching
its goals and set objectives
§ How does that translate to
Education?
What is The Purpose of
Educational Supervision?
“… this are all efforts of designated officials
towards providing leadership in the
improvement of instruction to help increase
the opportunity and the capacity of schools
to contribute more effectively to students’
academic success.”

-Sergiovanni
Types of School
Supervision
 Laissez faire Type
- this type of supervision utilizes inspectorial
supervisory methods unaided by any objective
control.
 Coercive /Autocratic Type
- it is the opposite of laissez faire. The supervisor visits the
teacher in order to observe them. The teachers acquired
ready-made procedures or standards prescribed by the
supervisors.
Corrective Type
- the supervisor tries to find faults with teachers,
headmaster and school work. The supervisor
only looks at the negative type of things and
criticizes.
Creative Type
- It comes to school with the idea that he is to help
the school teachers and the headmaster in solving
their problems. He sympathizes with them, listens to
their problems, discusses solutions of problems and
inspires them to work more.
.
Training and Guidance Type
- This type of supervision emphasizes the
improvements of teachers as well as her
techniques through direction, training and
guidance.
Democratic Leadership Type
- it consist of teachers cooperation in the
formulation of policies, plans and procedures.
The teachers, supervisors and administrators
are regarded as co-workers in a common task
SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISION
All activities, plans, procedures and
techniques should be based on the
scientific attitude and method. Supervision
should emphasis experimentation,
observation and inference, objectivity and
reliability. It should utilize the finding of
research, standardized tests and statistical
analysis.
Principles of Scientific Supervision
by: Frederick Taylor

1. Supervision eliminates the guesswork of rule-of-

thumb approaches to deciding how each worker is
to do a job by adopting scientific measurements to
break the job down into a series of small, related
tasks

2. It uses more scientific, systematic methods for

selecting workers and training them for specific
jobs or tasks.
Principles of Scientific Supervision
3. It establish the concept that there is a clear division of
responsibility between management and workers, with
management doing goal setting, planning, and supervising,
and workers executing required tasks.

4. It establish the discipline whereby management/

supervisor sets the objectives and the workers cooperate
in achieving them.
-Frederick Taylor
TAYLOR’S PRINCIPLES may
be characterized of being:
 TOP-DOWN
 AUTHORITARIAN
 TIME-MOTION Supervision
 RIGID DISCIPLINE ON THE JOB
 LITTLE INTERACTION BETWEEN
WORKERS
HUMAN RELATIONS
SUPERVISION
- concerned with the integration of people into a
work situation in a way that motivate them to work
productively, cooperatively to accomplish the goals
of an organization.
- Emphasis on democratic approach of supervision
- Boost behavioral concepts of motivation among
teachers.
HUMAN RELATIONS
SUPERVISION
•It emphasis on employees enthusiasm
•Morale
•Group Dynamics
•Employees contentment and satisfaction
rather than just productivity alone
•Staff work freely as a team without
coercion or manipulation from superiors.
The Human Relations Supervisor

Adopts shared decision-making practices

To increase teacher satisfaction

Which in turn

Increases school effectiveness

HUMAN RELATIONS
SUPERVISION
§ Problems/Down sides
• Misunderstanding of intent
• Belief that happy teachers would increase
productivity
• There’s a possibility that it may led to
laissez-faire supervision in schools
• Supervisors may somehow afraid to
supervise because of the public nature of
personnel's’ actions in schools
 Principles of HUMAN
RESOURCES SUPERVISION
 Grew out of dissatisfaction with other
concepts and practices.
 Represents a high regard for human
needs, potential and satisfaction.
 Leadership is neither patronizing or
directive but supportive in meeting the
goals of the organization.
 Principles of HUMAN
RESOURCES SUPERVISION
 It must be preventive and constructive
 It must be centered on child-growth
and development
 It must be flexible in terms of school
building, curriculum, teaching,
objectives and procedures and other
standard norms in school
 The Human Resources Supervisor

Adopts shared decision-making practices

To increase school effectiveness

Which in turn

Increases teacher satisfaction

 RECAP -
HOW ARE TEACHERS TREATED?
 SCIENTIFIC Supervision
- Heavily Supervised/ Authocratic
 HUMAN RELATIONS Supervision
- Democratic /Laissez-faire
 HUMAN Resource Supervision
- Preventive and Creative, Collaborative and
Harmonious