Multilevel Modelling And

Cluster Analysis

Presented By: Group 10

Rahma Ravita
Siti Halimatu Nurkholifah
Usi Ismayanti
 Definition Of Multilevel Modelling

Multilevel modelling (also known as multilevel regression) is

a statistical method that recognizes that it is uncommon to be
able to assign students in schools randomly to control and
experimental groups, or indeed to conduct an experiment
that requires an intervention with one group while
maintaining a control group (keeves and sellin 1997: 394).
 Why do we need multilevel models?

 The main aims when fitting a multilevel model:

Is observe whether the variance of the error can

decomposed across levels of analysis (e.g. When
predicting students performance, we might suspect that
this performance varies across students, but also across
school.)
 Why do we need multilevel models?

 A fundamental assumption of traditional stastistical analyses is

that observations are sampled independently from each other.
However in many contexts there is dependency of
observations:
- For example, students within schools tend to be more
similar than across schools
• Family background.
• Instructional setting.
 Types of questions tackled by multilevel models

Multilevel modelling has been widely applied in:

1. School effectiveness research.

2. Education research.
3. Family/couple research.

Example of questions using a 2-level model: Achievement in mathematics of

pupils (1) in schools (2).

- Do boys do better than girl?

-Do pupils in private schools do better than pupils in public schools?
-Are boys more or less variable in their achievement than girls?
-Does the gender gap vary across schools?
 Why Use Multilevel Models?

 The reasons for using multilevel models:

1. Inference to a population of groups:

in a multilevel modelling, the groups in the sample are treated as a

random sample from a population of groups. Using a fixed affects
model, inference cannot be made beyond the groups in the sample.

2. Estimating group effects simultaneously with the effect of group

of group –level predictors:

an alternative way to allow for group effects is to include dummy

variables for group in a traditional (ordinary least squares) reqression
model, such a model is called an analisys of variance or fixed effects
model .
 Cluster Analysis

 Definition of Cluster Analysis :

A method that has the main purpose of classifying objects

or variables based on their characteristics. Cluster analysis
enables the reseacher to group variables that have
homogeneity.
 The Characteristic of Cluster
Analyis

Have Have
Homogeneity Heterogeneity

Cluster analysis have homogeneous within themselves and as much as possible

heterogeneous to other groups.
Step in Cluster Analysis

1. Formulating the problem

2. Select a similarity measure

3. Select a clustering procedure

4. Access the validity of clustering

 Cluster Analysis Vs Factor Analysis

Cluster analysis Factor analysis

Grouping is based on Grouping is based on
the distance patterns of variations
(proximity) (correlation)
 Simple example:

Example : the daily expenditures on food (X₁) and clothing (X₂) of five persons
are shown in the table below:

Illustrative Data:
Person X₁ X₂
a 2 4
b 8 2
c 9 3
d 1 5
e 8,5 1
 How does it works??

Objective

Identify structures (classes) in the data by grouping the

most similar objects into groups.

Two questions to be answered:

1. How clusters should be formed?
2. How many cluster?
Thank you