KIMIA DASAR

KONSEP DASAR KIMIA

Session Opener
Session Objectives
Session Objectives

1. Equivalent mass

2. Normality

3. Molarity

4. Molality

5. Strength of solution

6. Percentage concentration
Equivalent Mass

Acid

Equivalent mass
Base

Salt
Equivalent Mass of Acid
Equivalent mass of acid =
Molecular mass of acid
Number of replacable H+ (Basicity)

Example:
Equivalent mass of HCl and H2SO4
� H+ + Cl-
HCl ���
� 2H+ + SO4 --
H2SO4 ���
1 + 35.5
Equivalent mass of HCl = = 36.5
1
2 �1 + 32 + 4 �16
Equivalent mass of H2SO4 = = 49
2
Equivalent Mass of Base

Equivalent mass of base =

Molecular mass
Number of replacable OH- (Acidity)

Example:
Equivalent mass of NaOH and Ca(OH)2
� Na+ + OH-
NaOH ���
� Ca+ + + 2OH-
Ca(OH)2 ���
23 + 16 + 1
Equivalent mass of NaOH = = 40
1
40 + 2 �16 + 2 �1
Equivalent mass of Ca(OH)2 = = 37
2
Equivalent mass of salt

Equivalent mass of salt =

Molecular mass
Total number of positive or
negative ch arg e
Example:
Equivalent mass of NaCl and MgCl2
NaCl ��� � Na+ + Cl-
23 + 35.5
Equivalent mass of NaCl = = 58.5
1
� Mg+ + + 2Cl-
MgCl2 ���
240 + 2 �35.5
Equivalent mass of MgCl2 = = 47.5
2
Concentration of solutions
(1) Normality
Number of equivalents of solute
present in one litre of solution.
Equivalent of solute
N=
Volume of solution in litre
Mass of solute �1000
N=
Equivalent mass of solute �volume (in ml)

Equivalents
Also N =
V(in litre)
Equivalents = N x V (in litre)

Milli equivalents = N x V (in ml)

Illustrative example

Find the normality of H2SO4 having

49g of H2SO4 present in 500 ml of
solution.

Solution:
Mass of solute �1000
N=
Equivalent mass �volume (in ml)

49 �1000
N= = 2N
98
�500
2
Most important point about
equivalents
Equivalent and milliequivalents of
reactants reacts in equal number to
give same number of equivalents or
milliequivalents of products separately.

Example:

2NaOH + H2SO4 � Na2SO4 + 2H2O

���
2 Equivalents 2 Equivalents 2 Equivalents

2 moles 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole

Illustrative Problem
20 ml of 0.1 N BaCl2 is mixed with 30 ml
of 0.2 N Al2(SO4)3. How many gram of
BaSO4 are formed?
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4 )3 ���
� AlCl3 + BaSO4
Solution:
By equivalent method, no need of balancing the
equation. Because equivalents of reactants and
products are same.
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4 )3 ���
� AlCl3 + BaSO4

20
Equivalents of BaCl2 = �0.1 = 2 x 10–3
1000
30
Equivalents of Al2(SO4)3 = �0.2
1000
= 6 x 10–3
Solution contd-

Since equivalents of Al2(SO4)3

is in excess, hence
equivalents of BaSO4 = equivalents of BaCl2
= equivalents of AlCl3
= 2 x 10–3
Hence, mass of BaSO4 = Equivalents x equivalent mass
-3 233
= 2 �10 � = .233g
2
If we will discuss this
problem through mole
concept, then we have
to balanced the
equation.
Molarity

Number of moles of solute present in

one litre of solution.
Moles of solute
M=
Volume (in litre)

Moles of solute �1000

M=
Molecular mass �volume (in ml)

Moles = Molarity x volume (in litre)

Milli moles = Molarity x volume (in ml)

Illustrative example

Calculate the molarity of a solution of

NaOH in which 0.40g NaOH dissolved
in 500 ml solution.

Solution:
0.40
M= �1000
40 �500

= 0.02 M
Relation between normality and
molarity
Mass of solute �1000
N=
Molecular mass
�volume (in ml)
n factor

N = M x n factor
For HCl, n=1
H2SO4, n=2
H3PO4, n=3
NaOH, n=1
Ca(OH)2, n=2

For monovalent compound (n = 1)

Normality and molarity is same.
Illustrative Problem

Calculate molarity of 0.6 N AlCl3 solution.

Solution:
� Al+ + + + 3Cl-
AlCl3 ���

n=3

0.6
\M = = 0.2M
3
Molality

Number of moles of solute present in 1 Kg

(or 1000 gram) of solvent. It is represented
by m (small letter).

Moles of solute
m=
Mass of solvent

Mass of solute �1000

m=
Molecular mass �Mass of solvent (gram)
Illustrative Problem
Calculate the molality of 1 molar solution
of NaOH given density of solution is 1.04
gram/ml.

Solution:
1 molar solution means 1 mole of solute present per
litre of solution.
Therefore, mass of 1 litre solution = 1000 x 1.04
= 1040 gram
Mass of solute = 1 x 40 = 40g
Therefore, mass of solvent 1040 – 40 = 1000g
1
\m = �1000 = 1 molal solution.
1000
Strength of solution

Amount of solute present in one litre

solution.

Mass of solute
Strength =
Volume of solution (in litre)

Strength = Molarity �Molecular mass

Strength = Normality �Equivalent mass

Illustrative Problem
Calculate strength of 0.01 N of NaOH
solution.

Solution:

Strength = Normality x equivalent mass

= 0.01 x 40
= 0.4 gram/litre
Concentration in terms of percentage

Mass of solute
% by mass = �100
Volume of solution
W
= %
w

Volume of solute
% by volume = �100
Volume of solution
V
= %
v
Illustrative Problem
Calculate the concentration of 1 molal
solution of NaOH in terms of percentage
by mass.

Solution:
1 molal solution means 1 mole (or 40g) NaOH present
in 1000g of solvent.

Total mass of solution = 1000 + 40 = 1040g

Therefore, 1040g solution contains 40g NaOH
40
Therefore, 100g solution contains = �100
1040
= 3.84% by mass.
Class exercise
Class exercise 1
0.115 g of pure sodium metal was dissolved
in 500 ml distilled water.
The molarity of the solution would be
(Na = 23)
(a) 0.010 M (b) 0.00115 M

(c) 0.023 M (d) 0.046 M

Class exercise 2
The number of moles of oxygen in one litre of air
containing 21% oxygen by volume, in standard
conditions, is
(a) 0.186 mole (b) 0.21 mole

(c) 2.10 mole (d) 0.0093 mole

Solution: 1
Mass of solute 1000
M= �
Molecular mass of solute Volume in ml
0.115
= �1000 = 0.01M
23 �500

Hence, answer is (a)

Solution: 2
21% oxygen by volume means 21 ml oxygen is
present in 100 ml of solution.
1,000 ml of solution will contain 210 ml.
Since at STP 22,400 ml of gas = 1 mole,
210
\ 210 ml of oxygen = = 0.0093 mole
22400
Hence, answer is (d)
Class exercise 3
The vapour density of a gas is 11.2. The volume
occupied by 11.2 g of the gas at STP will be
(a) 11.2 L (b) 22.4 L

(c) 1 L (d) 44.8 L

Class exercise 4
The number of water molecules in one litre of water is
(a) 18 (b) 18 × 1000

(c) NA (d) 55.55 NA

Solution 3
Molecular mass = 2 × Vapour density
= 2 × 11.2 = 22.4
Since 22.4 g contains 22.4 L of gas at STP,
22.4
\11.2 g contains ×11.2 =11.2L of gas
22.4
Hence, answer is (a)
Solution 4
For water d = 1 g/ml
Since, One litre water = 1,000 g of water
Number of water molecules
1000
= �Avogadro ' s number = 55.55 NA
18
Hence, answer is (d)
Class exercise 5
Which is not affected by temperature?
(a) Normality

(b) Molarity and molality

(c) Molarity

(d) Molality

Solution:
Molality involves mass of solute and solvent
which are not affected by temperature.
Class exercise 6
Calculate the molality and mole fraction
of the solute in aqueous solution
containing 3.0 g of urea
(molecular mass = 60) in 250 g of water.
Solution:
Mass of solute 1000
Molality = �
Molecular mass of solute mass of solvent ( in gram )
3
= �1000 = 0.2
60 �250

Moles of urea 3 / 60
Mole fraction of urea = =
3 250
= 0.00359
Total moles +
60 18
Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.00359 = 0.996
 Class exercise 7
Calculate the molarity and normality
of a solution containing 0.5 g of
NaOH dissolved in 500 ml.
Solution:
Mass of solute 1000
Molarity = �
Molecular mass Volume ( in ml )
0.5 1000
= � = 0.025 M
40 500
Mass of solute 1000
Normality N = �
Equivalent mass Volume ( in ml )
0.5
= �1000 = 0.025 N
40
�500
1
Or for monovalent compound like NaOH normality
and molarity are same.
Class exercise 8
Calculate the mol fraction of ethanol
and water in a sample of rectified
spirit which contains 95% of ethanol
by mass.

Solution:

95% of ethanol by mass means 95 g ethanol

present in 100 g of solution.
Hence, mass of water = 100 – 95 = 5 g
95
Moles of C2H5OH = =2.07 moles
46
5
Moles of water(H2O)= = 0.28 mol
18
Solution

0.28
Mole fraction of C2H5OH = = 0.88
0.28 + 2.07

Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.88 = 0.12

Class exercise 9
A solution contains 25% of water,
25% of ethanol and 50% of
acetic acid by mass.
Calculate the mole fraction
of each component.
Solution:

25x + 25x + 50x = 100

x=1
Mass of water = 25 g
Mass of ethanol = 25 g
Mass of acetic acid = 50 g
25
Moles of water = = 1.388 moles
18
Solution

25
Moles of ethanol = = 0.543 moles
46
50
Moles of acetic acid = = 0.833 moles
60
1.388
Mole fraction of ethanol = = 0.502
2.764

Mole fraction of acetic acid = 1 – 0.503 –0.196

= 0.301
Class exercise 10
20 ml of 10 N HCl are diluted with
distilled water to form one litre of the
solution. What is the normality of the
diluted solution?

Solution:

N1V1 = N2V2
20 1000
�10 = N �
1000 1000
2

N2 = 0.2 N
Thank you