23 Classification of Disinfectants

Recap…
1. The most resistant organism to control

1. M. tuberculosis
2. Fungal spores
3. C. tetani
4. Cyst
2. A low level resistant organism
1. Naked virus
2. Paracytic cyst
3. Enveloped virus
4. Veg. Bacteria
kkhkle@gmail.com 1/22/2019
Recap…
2
3. Sterilization is required for

1. Antisepsis
2. Bowel preparation before surgery
3. Instrument that penetrate tissue
4. Cleaning of hands
4. Disinfection is used for
1. Animate objects
2. In animate objects
3. Invasive instruments
4. Surgical preperation
Recap…
3
5. The removal of all bacteria, fungi, virus and spores

is termed as
1. Sterilization
2. Sanitation
3. Disinfection
4. Antisepsis
Classification & Mode of Action
of Disinfectants
DR. KIRANKUMAR HULLATTI

M. PHARM., PH.D., DPPM
PROFESSOR
Disinfectants
5
 Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-

living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living
on the objects
 It is less effective than sterilization
 Disinfectants are different from other antimicrobial

agents such as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms
within the body, and antiseptics, which destroy
microorganisms on living tissue
Brief History
6
 Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865)

Hungarian physician working in
Vienna
 He made doctors wash hands in chloride of
lime before touching patients
 Dramatically reduced incidence of childbed
fever
 Met much opposition from medical
establishment
 Practice stopped when he retired and
deaths went up.
Brief History
7
 A Scottish naval surgeon, Alexander Gordon and

an American, Oliver Wendell Holmes made similar
observations and proposed similar remedies
 Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912)
 Realised that deaths from operations mostly

occurred from infection contracted during the
operation as a result of unclean practices.
Brief History
8
 He started using Carbolic acid (phenol)

during operations to maintain aseptic
conditions with significant improvements
 Use of his methods by the Germans during

the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 provided
his major breakthrough and over the next
10 years, the practise of aseptic surgery
became accepted.
Ideal Disinfectant
9
 An ideal disinfectant would have following properties
1. High potency under conditions of use

2. Ready solubility in, or miscibility with, water at effective
antimicrobial concentration
3. Non caustic with low degree of toxicity and without harmful or
sensitizing effects on delicate tissues
4. No deleterious effect on linen and metal
5. Complete compatibility with other antimicrobial agents being used
and with other components of the disinfectant formulation
Ideal Disinfectant
10
6. Stable on storage: Often long term stability over a wide

range of temperature may be required
6. Reasonably cheap
7. No offensive odor, taste (Oral disinfectants), or color
No Ideal Disinfectant Exists
Phenol is used as Standard
Classification
11
 Disinfectants can be classified as

1. Air disinfectants
2. Alcohols
3. Aldehydes
4. Oxidizing agents
5. Phenolics
6. Quaternary Ammonium compounds
7. Metals
8. Dyes
9. Guanidines and amidines
10. Others (Furan Derivatives, Quinoline & Isoquinoline
derivatives)
Mode of Action
12
 Primary Drug/Cell interaction

1. Adsorption
 Not generally lethal but leads to secondary reactions and usually
bacteriostatic or bactericidal
 E.g. Phenols, Iodine, Chlorhexidine, Basic Dyes
2. Electrophoretic mobility changes

 Bacteria in water normally have negative charge. The migration
may be slowed or accelerated, stopped or even may be reversed by
disinfectants
 E.g. Phenol increases rate of migration
 Chlorohexidine decreases rate of migration
Mode of Action
13
 Secondary Drug/ Cell interaction

1. Cell permeability modification and leakage of cell
constituents (Partial lysis)
 Hexylresorcinol, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Phenol
2. Lysis
 Phenol, Aldehydes, Mercuric Chloride, hypochlorites
3. Irreversible general coagulation of cytoplasmic constituents
(protein precipitation)
 Phenols, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Chlorhexidine
4. General metabolic effects such as inhibition of succinate
dehydrogenase and interference with enzyme system
 Alcohols, Phenols and surfactants
Mode of Action
14
 Drug/ Cell interaction with known mechanism

1. Interaction with thio (Sulphhydril) group
 Combination
 Oxidation
 E.g. Mercury, copper, halogens, KMnO4
2. Action as metal binding agents (Depriving bacteria of metals

essential for the metabolism)
 8-hydroxyquinoline
3. Interaction with amino group
 Formaldehyde, some halogens
Mode of Action
15
4. Interference with oxidation reduction system

 Nitrofurans
5. Reaction with acidic group in the cell, inhibition of glutamine
or bacterial cell wall synthesis
 Triphenylmethane dyes
6. Interference with nucleic acid function
 Acridine dyes
kkhkle@gmail.com 16 1/22/2019
Air disinfectants
25
 Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances

capable of disinfecting microorganisms suspended in
the air
 In 1928, a study found that airborne microorganisms
could be killed using mists of dilute bleach
 An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as
an aerosol or vapor at a sufficient concentration in
the air to cause the number of viable infectious
microorganisms to be significantly reduced.
Air disinfectants
27
 In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of
diverse bacteria, influenza virus, and Penicillium

chrysogenum (previously P. notatum) mold fungus using various
glycols, principally propylene glycol and triethylene glycol
 Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory
environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world

environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous
action
Alcohols
28
 Alcohols are bacteriocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal for

enveloped viruses
 They have no effect on fungal spores and bacterial
endospores
 They are low to intermediate-level disinfectants
 Alcohol is often used to carry other antimicrobial
chemicals
 Alcohol denatures proteins and disrupts the plasma
membrane
Alcohols
29
 Denaturation of proteins
requires water
 Usually 60 to 90% alcohol is
used for disinfection (Ethanol
60 - 70% and Iso Propanol 50
– 60 %)
 Methanol vapors used as
fungicide
 Alcohols used as preservative
in some vaccines
 Inactive against non
enveloped virus
 They are not sporicidal
Protein cannot be coagulated unless they are hydrated
Alcohols
30
 Some important alcoholic disinfectants
CH3 CH2 OH CH3 OH CH3 CH OH
Ethanol Methanol
CH3
O CH2 CH2 OH
CH2 CH2 OH Isopropanol
Cl CH3
Cl C C OH 1/2 H2O
2-phenoxyethanol
2-phenylethyl alcohol
Cl CH3
Chlorbutol
Aldehydes
31
 Aldehydes are compounds containing a terminal –CHO group.
 Two highly reactive aldehydes are used as antimicrobials.

 Glutaraldehyde – used in liquid form
 Formaldehyde – used in both liquid form and gaseous form
 Both are high level disinfectants
 Aldehydes cross-link to organic functional groups.

 These reactions denature proteins and inactivate nucleic acids.
 Aldehydes act by combining with the amino group of proteins
Aldehydes
32
 Research laboratories use 2% solutions of Glutaraldehyde

 This effectively kills bacteria, virus and fungi.
 Treatment for 10 minutes will disinfect most objects.
 Treatment for 10 hours will sterilize.
 It is rapid sporicidal and tuberculocidal in nature
 Pungent, severely irritating to eyes, skin & respiratory
tract
 Has got rotten apple smell
CHO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO
Aldehydes
34
 Health care workers use a 37% formaldehyde solution –

formalin.
 It is used to disinfect:
 Isolation rooms
 Exhausts
 Cabinets
 Surgical instruments
 Dialysis machines
 Formaldehyde is an irritant for mucous membranes and is
also carcinogenic
 It is sporicidal in nature
Active Protein/Enzyme
Inactive Protein/Enzyme
Interaction with Amino group
Oxidizing Agents
36
 Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of

microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and
leads to cell lysis and death.
 Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers
 Oxidizing agents are high-level disinfectants and
antiseptics that prohibit bacterial metabolism.
 They release hydroxyl radicals which kill anaerobic
organisms.
Oxidizing Agents
37
 They are very effective against infections of deep tissues.

 They are routinely used in deep puncture wounds
 The three most commonly used oxidizing agents are:

 Hydrogen peroxide
 Ozone
 Peracetic acid
Oxidizing Agents
38
 Hydrogen peroxide is a common household antiseptic.
H2O2
 Ozone is a very reactive form of oxygen.
 It is generated when O2 is exposed to electrical discharge.
 Some cities use ozone for water treatment.

 It is expensive to produce.
 It is difficult to maintain at the proper concentration
39
Oxidizing Agents
40
 Peracetic acid is the peroxide form of acetic acid and an
extremely effective sporicide.

 It is used to sterilize surfaces and medical and food
processing equipment.
 It is not affected by organic contaminants.
O
 It leaves no toxic residue. H
C
O
H3 C O
Oxidizing Agents
41
Oxidizing Agents
42
Air disinfectants
43
 In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of
diverse bacteria, influenza virus, and Penicillium

chrysogenum (previously P. notatum) mold fungus using various
glycols, principally propylene glycol and triethylene glycol
 Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory
environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world

environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous
action
Alcohols
44
 Alcohols are bacteriocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal for

enveloped viruses
 They have no effect on fungal spores and bacterial
endospores
 They are low to intermediate-level disinfectants
 Alcohol is often used to carry other antimicrobial
chemicals
 Alcohol denatures proteins and disrupts the plasma
membrane
Alcohols
45
 Denaturation of proteins
requires water
 Usually 60 to 90% alcohol is
used for disinfection (Ethanol
60 - 70% and Iso Propanol 50
– 60 %)
 Methanol vapors used as
fungicide
 Alcohols used as preservative
in some vaccines
 Inactive against non
enveloped virus
 They are not sporicidal
Protein cannot be coagulated unless they are hydrated
Alcohols
46
 Some important alcoholic disinfectants
CH3 CH2 OH CH3 OH CH3 CH OH
Ethanol Methanol
CH3
O CH2 CH2 OH
CH2 CH2 OH Isopropanol
Cl CH3
Cl C C OH 1/2 H2O
2-phenoxyethanol
2-phenylethyl alcohol
Cl CH3
Chlorbutol
Aldehydes
47
 Aldehydes are compounds containing a terminal –CHO group.
 Two highly reactive aldehydes are used as antimicrobials.

 Glutaraldehyde – used in liquid form
 Formaldehyde – used in both liquid form and gaseous form
 Both are high level disinfectants
 Aldehydes cross-link to organic functional groups.

 These reactions denature proteins and inactivate nucleic acids.
 Aldehydes act by combining with the amino group of proteins
Aldehydes
48
 Research laboratories use 2% solutions of Glutaraldehyde

 This effectively kills bacteria, virus and fungi.
 Treatment for 10 minutes will disinfect most objects.
 Treatment for 10 hours will sterilize.
 It is rapid sporicidal and tuberculocidal in nature
 Pungent, severely irritating to eyes, skin & respiratory
tract has got rotten apple smell
CHO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHO
Aldehydes
49
 Health care workers use a 37% formaldehyde solution –

formalin.
 It is used to disinfect:
 Isolation rooms
 Exhausts H-CHO
 Cabinets
 Surgical instruments
 Dialysis machines
 Formaldehyde is an irritant for mucous membranes and is
also carcinogenic
 It is sporicidal in nature
Oxidizing Agents
50
 Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of

microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and
leads to cell lysis and death.
 Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers
 Oxidizing agents are high-level disinfectants and
antiseptics that prohibit bacterial metabolism.
 They release hydroxyl radicals which kill anaerobic
organisms.
Oxidizing Agents
51
 They are very effective against infections of deep tissues.

 They are routinely used in deep puncture wounds
 The three most commonly used oxidizing agents are:

 Hydrogen peroxide
 Ozone
 Peracetic acid
Oxidizing Agents
52
 Hydrogen peroxide is a common household antiseptic.
H2O2
 Ozone is a very reactive form of oxygen.
 It is generated when O2 is exposed to electrical discharge.
 Some cities use ozone for water treatment.

 It is expensive to produce.
 It is difficult to maintain at the proper concentration
Oxidizing Agents
53
Oxidizing Agents
54
 Peracetic acid is the peroxide form of acetic acid and an
extremely effective sporicide.

 It is used to sterilize surfaces and medical and food
processing equipment.
 It is not affected by organic contaminants.
O
 It leaves no toxic residue. H
C
O
H3 C O
Oxidizing Agents
55
Oxidizing Agents
56
Phenolics
57
 Phenols used as disinfectants include…

OH
 Phenol (Carbolic acid)
 Cresol
 Chlorocresol (p-chlor-m-cresol)
 Xylenols (m-isomers most active) phenol

 Chlorophenols and OH
OH
 Chloroxylenols OH
CH3
OH OH
CH 3 CH3
o-cresol m-cresol p-cresol
CH 3 H 3C CH3
Cl Cl
Chlorocresol Chloroxylenol
(6-chloro-3-hydroxytolune) (2-chloro-5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethylbenzene)
Phenolics
58
 Many are produced from coal tar distillate

 Xylenols and chlorinated phenols produced
synthetically
 Other important phenols
 Arylphenol (o-phenylphenol)
 Bis-phenols (Hexachlorophane)
Cl OH HO Cl
OH
CH2
Cl Cl Cl Cl
biphenyl-2-ol
O-phenylphenol 2,2'-methylenebis(2,4,5-trichlorophenol)
Hexachlorophane
Properties of Phenolics
59
 The activity of phenols diminishes markedly with

dilution (except hexachlorophane)
 Activity increases with increase in temperature
 More active at acidic pH
 Presence of organic matter diminishes the

bactericidal action (Organic matter adsorbs the
phenol and reduces its concentration)
Properties of Phenolics
60
 Simple phenols are highly water soluble
 Chlorinated phenols poorly water soluble but are more potent,

less toxic than simple phenols
 Phenols have high oil-water coefficients, hence presence of
oily matter on the surface markedly reduces the activity of the
phenols
 Activity may be increased by the presence of soap in the
formulation
 Lysole (Cresol with soap solution)
Phenol
61
 Phenol is probably the oldest known
disinfectant as it was first used by Lister,

when it was called carbolic acid. It is
rather corrosive to the skin and
sometimes toxic to sensitive people.
 Phenol is commonly found in mouth
washes, scrub soaps and surface

disinfectants, and is the main
disinfectant found in household
disinfectants.
Cresol
62
 There are three forms of cresols that are only slightly different in
their chemical structure and physical properties: ortho-cresol (o-
cresol), meta-cresol (m-cresol), and para-cresol (p-cresol).
 Less soluble in water (1:50)
 Strong bactericidal than phenol
Chlorocresol
63
 Used in sterilization process “heating with

bactericide”
 It is only soluble 1:260 in water
Chloroxylenol
64
 Solubility is 1:3000 in water

 Can be solubilized with soap
 Ingredient of “Dettol”
 Active against streptococci
 Inactive against most Gram –ve
bacteria and spores
Quaternary Ammonium compounds
65
 They come under the class of surface active

compounds
 They are cationic in nature
 They have the general formula… R3
 Cetrimide
 Cetylpyridinium Chloride R4 N R2
 Domiphen Bromide
 Benzalkonium Chloride R1
 They are inactivated by non-ionic surface active
agents such as Tween-80
66
 In water they ionize in to halide ion (anion) and long chain ion
(cation)
 The latter is hydrophobic in nature have surface active
property
 They strongly adsorb to negatively charged surfaces (Bacterial
cell wall) cause damage to cytoplasmic membrane and leakage
of cytoplasmic material
 Unlike phenols they are more active in alkaline solution but
incompatible with alkali hydroxides
Shirley Schreier, Sônia V.P. Malheiros, Eneida de Paula, (2000), Surface active drugs: self-association and interaction with
membranes and surfactants. Physicochemical and biological aspects, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Volume 1508, Issues 1–2, 23
November 2000, Pages 210–234
69
CH3
H3 C N R Br R = (CnH2n+1) n= 12, 14 or 16
CH3
Cetrimide
Cetylpyridinium chloride
N (CH 2) 15CH3Cl
Cl
R
H3 C
N
C
H3 C H 2
Benzalkonium chloride
R = (CnH2n+1) n= 8 to 18
Metals
70
 Metal Disinfectants include

 Mercury
 Silver
 Copper
 Heavy metals are not sporicidal
 Heavy metals oxidize and inactivate proteins and can
be toxic to humans.
 Examples include: Gold and silver fillings in teeth,
 Thimerosal (vaccine preservative),
 silver nitrate eye drops,
 Due to its toxic side effects in humans, thimerosal use in
the U.S. has been restricted.
Oligodynamic Action
71
(Greek: oligos = few, Greek: dynamis = force)
Mercury
72
 Simple inorganic compounds

 Mercuric chloride
 Complex organic compounds

 Phenylmercuric compounds
 Mercuric chloride (0.1%) solution

 Rapid bactericide
 Highly toxic
 Corrosive to metals
 Rarely used
Mercury
73
 Mercuric oxycyanide
 Less toxic
 0.1 to 0.2 % soln. used in treatment of conjunctivitis
 Ammoniated mercury
 Used in ointments
Mercury
74
 Phenyl mercuric nitrite & Phenyl mercuric acetate

 Effective antibacterial and antifungal agents
 Acetate is more soluble than nitrite
 Used at a concentration of 0.002% in heating with bactericide
 Preservative for parenteral injections at conc. of 0.001%
Phenyl mercuric nitrite Phenyl mercuric acetate

Silver
75
 Silver nitrite (0.2 to 0.6%) used in the

treatment of eye infection
 Silver protein derivatives have
antibacterial property
 Silver inactivates enzymes by reacting
with the thiol groups to form
silver sulfides.
 Silver also reacts with the amino-
carboxyl-, phosphate-, and imidazole-
groups and diminish the activities of
lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione
peroxidase
Copper
76
 Mainly used as fungicide and

algicides
 Copper and its alloys
(brasses, bronzes, cupronickel,
copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are
natural antimicrobial materials
Halogens
77
 Halogens (iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine)

are chemicals that alter microbial proteins and at
high concentrations and in gas form can
be sporicidal.
1. chlorine gas, which is used as a sterilant
2. chlorine (bleach) which is used as a high-level disinfectant
3. Iodine which is used as a skin antiseptic (Betadine surgical
scrub) and
4. Fluoride, which is used as an antiseptic in toothpaste and
water
Chlorine
78
 Chlorine and hypochlorite are efficient bactericides

in a conc. of 0.2 to 1.0 ppm
 Chlorine is sporicidal and fungicidal
 Organic chloramines such as Chloramine T are used
in medicine
 Chloramines are more stable
O Na
HOOC SO 2
H 3C S N Cl H 3C SO 2
N Cl2
O N Cl2
Chloramine T DiChloramine Halazone
Iodine
79
 Good disinfectant in water and alcohol
 Non-selective in its action
 It is sporicidal, fungicidal and active against many virus
 Used as skin disinfectant & for cold sterilization of

surgical sutures
 Iodophores – Iodine complex with surface active agent
are more stable in dilute solutions
 Causes staining of skin and cloths
Guanidines and Amidines
80
 The important Guanide disinfectant is chlorhexidine

 It is active against broad range of bacteria both gram
+ve and –ve.
 Inactive against acid fast bacteria (M. tuberculi),
spores and virus.
 Active in neutral or slight alkaline media
 Acetate used as preservative in eye drops
NH NH
H H H H
N C N C N (CH 2) 6 N C NH C N
H
NH NH
Chlorhexidine
83
 The main Amidines are Dibromopropamidine

isethionate and Propamidine isethionate
 Activity not affected by organic matter
 Used in eye drops and antiseptic creams
Propamidine isethionate
Dibromopropamidine isethionate
84
 Propamidine and dibromopropamidine exert rapid
and intense anti-bacterial action against pyogenic

cocci, antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and some
Gram-negative bacilli.
 Activity is retained in the presence of organic matter
such as pus and lacrimal secretion
Furan Derivatives
85
 Nitrofurazone main drug in this group
 It has got wide range of activity
 Used in topical formulations
 Organisms are said to be susceptible to nitrofurantoin if

their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 32 μg/mL or
less
 The drug works by damaging bacterial DNA
Quinoline and Isoquinoline derivatives
86
 8 -Hydroxyquinoline is both bactericidal and fungicidal
 Activity depends on presence of metal ions (copper and iron)
 Metal oxine complex is lethal
 Functioning as a transcription inhibitor (in DNA replication and
protein synthesis)
Quinoline and Isoquinoline derivatives
88
 Dequalinium chloride (Dequadin) and Dequalinium

acetate are antibacterial and antifungal
 Chloride is more used in lozenges for mouth and
throat infections
Dequadin
Next Class…
89
 Factors Affecting Disinfectant Action

Concentration of Phenol
A= 0.66 % w/v
B= 0.55 % w/v
% Survivors
C= 0.50 % w/v
D= 0.44 % w/v
D
A
B
C
Time (Min)

23 Classification of Disinfectants

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Recap…

1. The most resistant organism to control

3. Sterilization is required for

5. The removal of all bacteria, fungi, virus and spores

DR. KIRANKUMAR HULLATTI

 Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-

 Disinfectants are different from other antimicrobial

 Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865)

 A Scottish naval surgeon, Alexander Gordon and

 Realised that deaths from operations mostly

 He started using Carbolic acid (phenol)

 Use of his methods by the Germans during

 An ideal disinfectant would have following properties

1. High potency under conditions of use

6. Stable on storage: Often long term stability over a wide

No Ideal Disinfectant Exists

Phenol is used as Standard

 Disinfectants can be classified as

 Primary Drug/Cell interaction

2. Electrophoretic mobility changes

 Chlorohexidine decreases rate of migration

 Secondary Drug/ Cell interaction

 Drug/ Cell interaction with known mechanism

2. Action as metal binding agents (Depriving bacteria of metals

4. Interference with oxidation reduction system

 Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances

 In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of

diverse bacteria, influenza virus, and Penicillium

environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world

 Alcohols are bacteriocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal for

 Some important alcoholic disinfectants

CH3 CH2 OH CH3 OH CH3 CH OH

 Aldehydes are compounds containing a terminal –CHO group.

 Two highly reactive aldehydes are used as antimicrobials.

 Both are high level disinfectants

 Aldehydes cross-link to organic functional groups.

 Aldehydes act by combining with the amino group of proteins

 Research laboratories use 2% solutions of Glutaraldehyde

 Health care workers use a 37% formaldehyde solution –

Interaction with Amino group

 Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of

 They are very effective against infections of deep tissues.

 The three most commonly used oxidizing agents are:

 Hydrogen peroxide is a common household antiseptic.

 It is generated when O2 is exposed to electrical discharge.

 Some cities use ozone for water treatment.

 Peracetic acid is the peroxide form of acetic acid and an

extremely effective sporicide.

 In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of

diverse bacteria, influenza virus, and Penicillium

 Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory

environments, it is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world

 Alcohols are bacteriocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal for

 Some important alcoholic disinfectants

CH3 CH2 OH CH3 OH CH3 CH OH

 Aldehydes are compounds containing a terminal –CHO group.

 Two highly reactive aldehydes are used as antimicrobials.

 Both are high level disinfectants

 Aldehydes cross-link to organic functional groups.

 Aldehydes act by combining with the amino group of proteins

 Research laboratories use 2% solutions of Glutaraldehyde

 It is rapid sporicidal and tuberculocidal in nature

 Pungent, severely irritating to eyes, skin & respiratory