10-PHP Strings and Problem Solvings-19-Dec-2018Reference Material I Unit 3 PHP Arrays and Strings

ITE1008
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PROGRAMMING
Unit 3 – Basic PHP

Basic PHP:
Installation & Setting Path Overview Basics GUI
Programming Arrays Functions Files Exception
Handling.
PHP Arrays
 An array in PHP is actually an ordered map. A map is a
type that associates values to keys. This type is
optimized for several different uses; it can be treated
as an array.
 In PHP, arrays are lists of bits of information mapped
with keys and stored under one variable name. For
example, you can store a person’s name and address or a
list of states in one variable.
 An array can be created using the array() language
construct. It takes any number of comma-separated
key => value pairs as arguments.
array( key => value, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ... )
 Array elements can be accessed using the array[key]
syntax.
Open Source
Author: Prof. A. Vijayarani, Asst. Prof., SITE, VIT
PHP Array - Creation
 Various array creation method is available in PHP;
they are
1. Many values in a single creation
$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
2. One value mapped with one key

$numbers[10] = "one";
$numbers[11] = "two";
$numbers[12] = "three";
3. Assign value with auto generated index.

$numbers[] = “Sample”;
4. Assign value with associative key

3
$employee[“id”]=“SSN1001”;
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PHP Array - Creation
y w ith
Arra k e y <?php
p l ici t
Im $name[’firstname’] = “Albert”;
$name[’lastname’] = “Einstein”;
$name[’age’] = 124;
<?php $name[3]=“Scientist”;
$flavor[] = ‘blue rasberry’; ?>
$flavor[] = ‘root beer’;
$flavor[] = ‘pineapple’;
?>
y w ith
Arra it key
x p l ic
E
4
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PHP Array Types
There are three different kind of arrays and each array value
is accessed using an ID c which is called array index.
1. Numeric array − An array with a numeric index. Values are
stored and accessed in linear fashion.
2. Associative array − An array with strings as index. This
stores element values in association with key values rather
than in a strict linear index order.
3. Multidimensional array − An array containing one or more
arrays and values are accessed using multiple indices.
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Numeric Arrays
These arrays can store numbers, strings and any

object but their index will be represented by
numbers. By default array index starts from zero.
$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
(Or)
$numbers[0]=1;
$numbers[1]=2;
$numbers[2]=3;
$numbers[3]=4;
$numbers[4]=5;
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Associative Arrays
•The associative arrays are very similar to numeric arrays in
term of functionality but they are different in terms of their
index. Associative array will have their index as string so that
you can establish a strong association between key and values.
E.g.,
To store the salaries of employees in an array, a numerically
indexed array would not be the best choice. Instead, we could
use the employees names as the keys in our associative array,
and the value would be their respective salary.
$salaries = array("mohammad"=>2000, "qadir"=>1000, "zara"=>500);

(Or)
$salaries['mohammad'] = 2000;
$salaries['qadir'] = 1000;
$salaries['zara'] = 500;
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PHP Multidimensional Arrays
•A multi-dimensional array each element in the main array can also
be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and
so on. Values in the multi-dimensional array are accessed using
multiple index.E.g., create a two dimensional array to store marks of
three students in three subjects
$marks = array(
"mohammad" => array ( "physics" => 35, "maths" => 30, "chemistry" => 39 ),
"qadir" => array ( "physics" => 30, "maths" => 32, "chemistry" => 29 ),
"zara" => array ( "physics" => 31, "maths" => 22, "chemistry" => 39 )
);
Accessing two dimensional array:
echo "Marks for mohammad in physics : " ;
echo $marks['mohammad']['physics'] . " ";
echo "Marks for qadir in maths : ";
echo $marks['qadir']['maths'] . " ";
echo "Marks for zara in chemistry : " ;
echo $marks['zara']['chemistry'] . " "; ?> 8
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PHP Array Traverse
By the help of PHP for each loop, we can easily
traverse the elements of PHP array.

<?php
$salaries = array("mohammad"=>2000, "qadir"=>1000, "zara"=>500);
Foreach($salaries as $sal)
echo $sal,” ”;
Foreach($salaries as $key=>$val)
echo $key,“ ‘s salary is “,$val,” ”;
?>
Output:
==========
2000
1000
500
Mohammad’s salary is 2000
Qadir’s salary is 1000
Zara’s salary is 500 9
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Array Functions
Array(key=>value) – Creates an array with keys and

values
E.g.:
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Horse");
print_r($a);
?>
Output:
Array ( [a] => Dog [b] => Cat [c] => Horse )
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Array Functions
array_combine(array1,array2) creates an array by combining
two other arrays, where the first array is the keys, and the other array
is the values.
E.g.:
<?php
$a1=array("a","b","c","d");
$a2=array("Cat","Dog","Horse","Cow");
$arr3 =array_combine($a1,$a2);
Print_r($arr3);
?>
Output:
Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog [c]
=> Horse [d] => Cow )
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Array Functions
array_count_values(array) returns an array, where
the keys are the original array's values, and the values is
the number of occurrences.
E.g:
<?php Output:
$a=array("Cat","Dog","Horse","Dog");
$count_arr = array_count_values($a); Array ( [Cat] => 1 [Dog] => 2
Print_r($count_arr); [Horse] => 1 )
?>
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Array Functions
array_fill(start,number,value ) function returns an array
filled with the values you describe
E.g:
Output:
<?php
$a=array_fill(2,3,"Dog");
Array ( [2] => Dog [3] => Dog [4] => Dog )
print_r($a);
?>
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Array Functions
The array_flip(array ) function returns an array with all
the original keys as values, and all original values as
keys.
E.g:
<?php
$a=array(0=>"Dog",1=>"Cat",2=>"Horse");
$flipped = array_flip($a);
print_r($flipped);
?>
Output:
Array ( [Dog] => 0 [Cat] => 1 [Horse] => 2 )
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Array Functions
The array_key_exists(key,arr ) function checks
an array for a specified key, and returns true if
the key exists and false is the key does not exist.
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat");
Output:
if (array_key_exists("a",$a))
echo "Key exists!"; Key exists!
else
echo "Key does not exist!";
?>
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Array Functions
The array_pop(array) function deletes the last element of

an array. Array_shift(array) – removes an element at the
beginning of the array
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("Dog","Cat","Horse");
Output:
$val1 = array_pop($a); Horse
Echo $val1,” ”; Array ( [0] => Dog [1] => Cat )
print_r($a); Dog
$val2 = array_shift($a); Array ( [0] => Cat )
Echo $val2,” ”;
print_r($a);
?>
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Array Functions
The array_push(array,value1,value2...) function inserts
one or more elements to the end of an array.
Array_unshift(array) – inserts an element at the
beginning of the array
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("Dog","Cat");
array_push($a,"Horse","Bird");
Print_r($a);
array_unshift($a, “fish”);
print_r($a);
?>
Output:
Array ( [0] => Dog [1] => Cat [2] => Horse [3] => Bird )
Array ( [0] => fish [1]=>Dog [2] => Cat [3] => Horse [4]
=> Bird )
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Array Functions
Output ????????
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat"); Output:
array_push($a,"Horse","Bird");
print_r($a); Array ( [a] => Dog [b] => Cat [0]
?> => Horse [1] => Bird )
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Array Functions
The array_reverse(array,preserve) function returns an
array in the reverse order.
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat","c"=>" Output:
Horse");
print_r(array_reverse($a)); Array ( [c] => Horse [b] => Cat
?> [a] => Dog )
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Array Functions
The array_search(value,array,strict ) function search

an array for a value and returns the key.
E.g:
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"
Horse"); Output:
$val = array_search("Dog",$a);
echo $val; a
?>
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Array Functions
The arsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

values in reverse order. The values keep their original keys.
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
$my_array = array("a" => "Dog", "b" => (
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [c] => Horse
arsort($my_array); [a] => Dog
print_r($my_array); [b] => Cat
?> )
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Array Functions
The asort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

values. The values keep their original keys
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [b] => Cat
asort($my_array); [a] => Dog
print_r($my_array); [c] => Horse
?> )
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Array Functions
The krsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

keys in reverse order. The values keep their original keys.
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [c] => Horse
krsort($my_array); [b] => Cat
print_r($my_array); [a] => Dog
?> )
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Array Functions
The ksort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

keys. The values keep their original keys.
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [a] => Dog
ksort($my_array); [b] => Cat
print_r($my_array); [c] => Horse
?> )
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Array Functions
The rsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by
the values in reverse order. This function assigns new keys for the
elements in the array. Existing keys will be removed. This
function returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [0] => Horse
rsort($my_array); [1] => Dog
print_r($my_array); [2] => Cat
?> )
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Array Functions
The sort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the
values. This function assigns new keys for the elements in the
array. Existing keys will be removed. This function returns TRUE
on success, or FALSE on failure
E.g: Output:
<?php Array
"Cat", "c" => "Horse"); [0] => Cat
sort($my_array); [1] => Dog
print_r($my_array); [2] => Horse
?> )
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Array Functions
Other Array Functions:
Array array range(low,high,step) – Populates the array from

low value to high value with the interval of step.
$a = array(1,10,1) // 1,2,3…10
$odd = array(1,10,2) //1,3,5,,,9
boolean is_array(variable name) – Used to check for an array
Array Array_keys(arrayname) – retrieves keys from the array.
Array array_values(array) – retrieves values
Int count(arrayname[,mode]) – counts values in an array. Mode
– 1 counts recursively (ie for 2dim array)
Sizeof –
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PHP – String
A PHP string is a sequence of characters i.e. used to store and
manipulate text. Strings can be specified either by double
quotes(“) or single quotes(‘).
E.g:
<?php
$str 1= "Hello World!";
$str2 = ‘Sample PHP’;
echo $str1;
Echo $str2;
?>
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String Functions
The explode(separator, string, limit) function breaks a
string into an array.
Output:
Array
(
E.g: [0] => Hello
[1] => world.
<?php [2] => It's
$str = "Hello world. It's a beautiful [3] => a
day."; [4] => beautiful
print_r (explode(" ",$str)); [5] => day.
?> )
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String Functions
The implode(separator,array ) &
join(separator,array ) function returns a string from the
elements of an array.
E.g: Output:
<?php Hello World! Beautiful Day!
$arr =
array('Hello','World!','Beautiful','Day!');
echo implode(" ",$arr);
?>
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String Functions
The ltrim(string,charlist) & rtrim(string,charlist) function
will remove whitespaces or other predefined character from the left and
right side of a string respectively.
The soundex(string) function calculates the soundex key of a
string.
The str_shuffle(string) function randomly shuffles all the
characters of a string.
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String Functions
The strlen(string) function returns the length of a string.
E.g: Output:
<?php Length = 12
$a= “hello World!”;
echo “Length = “, strlen($a);
?>
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String Functions
The strrev(string) reverses the given string.
E.g: Output:
Reverse of “hello World!” is !
<?php
dlroW olleh
echo “Reverse of \”$a\” is “, strrev($a);
?>
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String Functions
The strtoupper(string) converts to upper case character
The strtolower(string) converts to lower case character
E.g: Output:
<?php Upper of “hello World!” is
$a= “hello World!”; HELLO WORLD!
echo “Upper of \”$a\” is “, strtoupper($a); Lower of “hello World!” is hello
echo “Lower of \”$a\” is “, strtolower($a); world
?>
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String Functions
The strpos(string,exp) returns the numerical position of
first appearance of exp.
The strrpos(string,exp) returns the numerical position of
last appearance of exp.
E.g: Output:
<?php 2
$a= “hello World!”; 9
echo strpos($a,”l”),” ”;
echo strrpos($a,”l”);
?>
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String Functions
The substr(string,start,length) function returns a sub
string of the size “length” from the position of “start”.
E.g: Output:
<?php lo
echo substr($a,3,2);
?>
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String Functions
The substr_count(string,substr) counts number of times
a sub string occurred in given string.
E.g: Output:
<?php 2
$a= “hello Worlod!”;
echo substr_count($a,”lo”);
?>
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String Functions
The ucfirst(string) converts the first character to upper case.
The ucwords(string) converts the first character of each word
to upper case.
E.g: Output:
<?php Hello world!
$a= “hello world!”; Hello World!
echo ucfirst($a),” ”;
echo ucwords($a);
?>
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String Functions
The parse_str(string,arr) function parses a query string
into variables.
E.g: Output:
<?php 23
parse_str("id=23&name=Kai%20Jim"); Kai Jim
echo $id." ";
echo $name;
?>
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String Functions
The str_replace(find,replace,string,count ) function
replaces some characters with some other characters in a string.
Note: str_ireplace() – for case sensitive
E.g: Output:
<?php
$str=“Hallo World”; str_ireplace(“al",“el",$str,
$i)); The new string is Hello
echo “the new string is “,$str World
echo "Replacements: $i"; Replacements: 1
?>
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String Functions
The strcasecmp(string1,string2) function compares two strings
as case insensitive. Strcmp(string1,string2) compares as case
sensitive.
This function returns:
0 if the two strings are equal
< 0 if string1 is less than string2
> 0 if string1 is greater than string2
E.g:
Output:
<?php
0
echo strcasecmp("Hello world!","HELLO WORLD!");
1
echo “ ”;
echo strcmp("Hello world!","HELLO WORLD!");
?>
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PHP Date
Returns a string formatted according to the given
format string, timestamp is optional and defaults to the
value of time().
string date ( string $format [, int $timestamp = time() ] )
echo "Today is " . date("Y/m/d") . " "; // 2017/Aug/09
echo "Today is " . date("Y.m.d") . " "; // 2017.Aug.09
echo "Today is " . date("Ymd") . " ";//// 2017Aug09
echo "Today is " . date("l");// Wednessday
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PHP Date
date_default_timezone_set() — Sets the default

timezone used by all date/time functions in a script.
To set India time
Date_default_timezone_set(“Asia/Kolkata”)
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PHP Date Format String
String Meaning Output

Day of the month, 2 digits with leading
d 01 to 31
zeros
A textual representation of a day, three
D Mon through Sun
letters
j Day of the month without leading zeros 1 to 31
l A full textual representation of the day of Sunday through
(lowerca the week Saturday
se 'L')
0 (for Sunday)
Numeric representation of the day of the
w through 6 (for
week
Saturday)
z The day of the year (starting from 0) 0 through 365
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F
A full textual representation of a month, January through
such as January or March December
Numeric representation of a month, with
m 01 through 12
leading zeros
A short textual representation of a month,
M Jan through Dec
three letters
Numeric representation of a month, without
n 1 through 12
leading zeros
t Number of days in the given month 28 through 31
A full numeric representation of a year, 4 Examples: 1999 or
Y
digits 2003
y A two digit representation of a year Examples: 99 or
03
Lowercase Ante meridiem and Post
a am or pm
meridiem
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Uppercase Ante meridiem and Post
A AM or PM
meridiem
12hour format of an hour without leading
g 1 through 12
zeros
24hour format of an hour without leading
G 0 through 23
zeros
12hour format of an hour with leading
h 01 through 12
zeros
24hour format of an hour with leading
H 00 through 23
zeros
i Minutes with leading zeros 00 to 59
s Seconds, with leading zeros 00 through 59
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ITE1008

Unit 3 – Basic PHP

2. One value mapped with one key

3. Assign value with auto generated index.

4. Assign value with associative key

These arrays can store numbers, strings and any

$salaries = array("mohammad"=>2000, "qadir"=>1000, "zara"=>500);

Array(key=>value) – Creates an array with keys and

The array_pop(array) function deletes the last element of

The array_search(value,array,strict ) function search

The arsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

The asort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

The krsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

The ksort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by the

Array array range(low,high,step) – Populates the array from

date_default_timezone_set() — Sets the default

String Meaning Output

String Meaning Output

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