Plant Reproduction

Plant Reproduction
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Plant Reproduction Home Page
1 4
Flower structure Seed dispersal
2 5
Pollination Germination
3 6
Fruit development Test
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Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Click image to view a video on plant reproduction
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser
window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037
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Flower structure
stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Structure and function of the flower
stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
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Flower Structure Quiz
• What is the name of the structure labelled X in the

diagram?
carpel
sepal
X
stamen
peduncle
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• Where is pollen made?
stigma
sepal
anther
ovary
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• Where is the ovule found in a flower?
petals
style
nectary
ovary
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• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:
X
X = style, Y = stigma
X = filament, Y = anther
Y
X = stigma, Y = style
X = anther, Y = filament
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Pollination
The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)

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Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma
• This is an example of cross-pollination as the

pollen travels from one flower to a different flower.
This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
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Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects
or by wind
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Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract
insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
nectar and a hooking onto
scent present insect fur
Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects
Sticky stigma
to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals
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Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure
because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.
Pollen grains are very Anthers are exposed to the

small and light. They wind so that pollen can
occur in very large easily be blown away
numbers
Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind
Petals are small

and green as there
No scent or nectary
is no need to attract
insects
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Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the
anther onto the stigma of the same flower
• Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation
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Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…
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…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.
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Click on the icons below to view the
summary videos on pollination
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste

Pollination (9 minutes) this url into a new browser window and you can
watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste

this url into a new browser window and you can
Insect pollination (1 minute) watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0
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Pollination Quiz
• Pollination is the transfer from….?
the stigma to anther
style to stamen
ovule to filament
anther to stigma
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Pollination Quiz
• The two mechanisms for pollination are?
Wind and water
Insect and wind
Insect and water
Wind and birds
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Pollination Quiz
• Cross-pollination…
Increases variation
Decreases variation
Is only performed by insects
Is only performed by wind
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Pollination Quiz
• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…
Having bright petals and a scent
Having a nectary
Having feathery stigmas
Having sticky stigmas
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Fertilisation and Fruit Development
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Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
ovary
ovule
Note: Petals not shown in

order to simplify diagram
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Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete
fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)
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Watch this short introductory video to review
fertilisation (1 minute)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser
window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE
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Seed Dispersal
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Watch the video on seed dispersal
(lasts just under 10 minutes)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new
browser window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
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After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.
Cotyledon:
Testa: Food store
tough seed coat
Plumule:
Micropyle: Embryo shoot
Hole made by Embryo
pollen tube plant
Radicle:
Embryo root
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Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes
dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.
Fleshy wall
seed of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!
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Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent
plant in order to reduce competition for space,
light, nutrients and water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:
• Wind
• Water
• Mechanical
• Animals
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

shown in the picture
water
mechanical
wind
animal
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Seed dispersal quiz

mechanical
animal
water
wind
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Seed dispersal quiz

water
wind
animal
mechanical
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Seed dispersal quiz

animal
mechanical
water
wind
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Germination
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The seed contains the embryo plant and
cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa Water enters the seed
through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.
Plumule
(embryo shoot)
The water also softens

the testa to allow it to
split.
Radicle
(embryo root)
Micropyle Cotyledon
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Enzymes are used in seed germination
Plumule
The enzymes break

starch down into
starch maltose and then
glucose. The glucose
is used in respiration
amylase
to provide energy for
secreted
embryo plant growth
maltose
Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
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Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in
the cotyledon to provide energy for growth
light The seedling can now

photosynthesise and
make its own food
germination
Plant growth and development

soil
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Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:
Seed loses weight as it uses

up starch stores in the
cotyledons as the seedling
cannot photosynthesise yet
Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
Dry mass is the plant grows
mass of solid
matter with all
water removed
Days
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Conditions required for germination
Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)

No light
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

present present present present
No
oxygen
moist dry moist moist moist
4oC Warm Warm Warm Warm

A B C D E
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END
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Plant Reproduction

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Plant Reproduction

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Plant Reproduction

Flower structure Seed dispersal

Fruit development Test

• What is the name of the structure labelled X in the

• Where is pollen made?

• Where is the ovule found in a flower?

• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:

The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)

• This is an example of cross-pollination as the

Pollen grains are very Anthers are exposed to the

Petals are small

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste

If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste

• Pollination is the transfer from….?

the stigma to anther

• The two mechanisms for pollination are?

Wind and water

Insect and wind

Insect and water

Wind and birds

Is only performed by insects

Is only performed by wind

• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…

Having bright petals and a scent

Having feathery stigmas

Having sticky stigmas

Note: Petals not shown in

• Seeds can be dispersed by:

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed

The water also softens

The enzymes break

light The seedling can now

Plant growth and development

Seed loses weight as it uses

Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)

Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

moist dry moist moist moist

4oC Warm Warm Warm Warm

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