MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY(TOUNGOO)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDRO-POWER PLANTS

PRESENTED BY
VI-MECHANICAL
GROUP - IV

Date 17.8.2018
 MEMBER LIST
No. Name Roll No.

1. Mg Han Ko Ko Myint VI-MECH-1

2. Mg Chan Nyein Soe VI-MECH-8

3. Ma Myat Noe Wai Lwin VI-MECH-16

4. Mg Myint Myat Naing VI-MECH-20

5. Ma Khin Cherry Myint Htoo VI-MECH-23

6. Ma Than Than Nyunt VI-MECH-31

7. Mg Chit Ko Win VI-MECH-46

8. Mg Shinn Khant Zaw VI-MECH-102

9. Mg Yan Paing Oo VI-MECH-107

 Content

1. Introduction 4.8. Types of Water Turbines

2. Aims and Objectives 4.8.1. Pelton Turbine

3. Classification of Hydro-Power Plants 4.8.2. Francis Turbine

4.8.3. Kaplan Turbine
4. Components of A Hydro-Power Plant
4.9. Generator
4.1. Reservoir
4.10. Spillway
4.2. Dam
5. Advantages
4.3. Control Gate 6. Disadvantages
4.4. Trash Rack 7. References
4.5. Surge Tank

4.6. Penstock

4.7. Turbine
 1. Introduction

 Hydro-power is the generation of electrical power from falling water.

 The most established and widely used renewable resource for electricity generation.

 Occupy about 20% of world's electric generation.

 Have longer lives than fuel-fired generation.

 2. Aims and Objectives

 To get knowledge about how a hydro-power plant works.

 To know the components of a hydro-power plant.

 To know the classification of hydro-plants.

 To know the profits and weaknesses of a hydro-power plant.

 3. Classification of Hydropower Plants

Classification of hydropower plants is based upon

 Quantity of water available

(i) Run-off river plants without pondage

(ii) Run-off river plants with pondage

(iii)Reservoir plants

 Available head

(i) Low head (less than 30m)

(ii) Medium head ( 30-300m)

(iii)High head ( greater than 1000m)

 4. Components of A Hydropower Plant
Major components of a hydropower plant are

1. Reservoir

2. Dam

3. Control gate

4. Trash rack

5. Surge tank

6. Penstock

7. Turbine

8. Generator

9. Spillway
 4.1. Reservoir
 The place behind the dam where water is stored.

 To store water during rainy season and supply during dry season.

 Water level in the reservoir is higher than that flowing in the river.

 Elevation difference between reservoir water level and turbine is the available head of the
plant.

 The higher the available head, the greater the power output.
 4.2. Dam

 To increase the height of water level (potential energy) behind it.

 To provide necessary head to the power plant.

 The kinetic head of flowing water is transformed into potential head by stopping at
a dam.
 4.3. Control Gate

 Built on the inside of the dam.

 To release and control water from the reservoir.

 Through which water enters into the power generation unit.

 When opened water flows through which due to potential or head difference.
 4.4. Trash Rack

 Installed before the control gates at reservoir inlet.

 To prevent the entry of any debris which may damage turbine runners.
 4.5. Surge Tank

 Installed in system between dam and power house.

 To reduce water hammering effect.

 When load is decreased suddenly, positive water hammer effect occurs in the
penstock.

 When load is increased suddenly, negative water hammer effect occurs in the
penstock.
 4.6. Penstock

 The long pipe which connect the reservoir to the power generation unit.

 Amount of water flowing through the penstock affects the power output of the plant.

 Flow rate in the penstock is controlled by the control gates.

 Water in penstock possess both kinetic and potential energies.

 4.7. Turbine

 Installed inside the power house and connected to the penstock.

 To convert kinetic and potential energies of water into rotational energy of shaft.

 Height difference between reservoir water level and turbine is known as the head.

 The head determines power output of the plant.

 4.8. Types of Water Turbines

Three types of water turbines are

 Pelton turbine

 Francis turbine

 Kaplan turbine
 4.8.1. Pelton Turbine

 Large head from 100m to 1800m.

 Relatively small flow rate.

 Maximum six nozzles.

 Good efficiency over a wide range.

 4.8.2. Francis Turbine

 Heads between 15m and 700m.

 Medium flow rate.

 Good efficiency 96% for modern machines.

 4.8.3. Kaplan Turbine

 Low head from 70m down to 5m.

 Large flow rate.

 Runner vanes can be governed.

 Good efficiency over a wide range.

 4.9. Generator

 To convert rotational energy of turbine into electrical energy.

 The rotor of a generator is connected to the shaft of the turbine.

 Produces alternating current.

 A transformer is used to step up the AC voltage from the generator for distribution.
 4.10. Spillway

 To provide safety of the dam.

 To keep reservoir level below some predetermined maximum level.

 Should have the capacity to discharge major floods without damage to the dam.
 5. Advantages

 No fuel needed

 Economical

 Longevity

 Pollution free

 Quick response

 Environmentally friendly

 Wildlife preservers

 Flood prevention
 6. Disadvantages

 Mainly depends on rainfall/snow melt (or)the availability of well-flowing rivers.

 High capital intensive

 Remotely located

 Large gestation period

 Possibility of siltation

 Nitrogen-dissolved water
 7. References

 "Engineering Fluid Mechanics" by T.Al-Shemmeri.

 "An Overview of Hydro-Electric Power Plant" by Vinnet Singh.

 "Renewable Energy Resources" by John Twidell and Tony Weir.

 "Hydro-Power : Water at Work" by Denver Colo.