Communication Theory:: The Learning Expectation

Lecture 1
COMMUNICATION
THEORY: THE LEARNING
EXPECTATION
Pensyarah: Dr. Mohd. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman
Makmal Penyelidikan komputer dan Sekuriti Rangkaian

Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Elektronik & Sistem
Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: syuhaimi@vlsi.eng.ukm.my
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
1
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Course Outcomes
Hasil Pembelajaran Kursus O O O O O O O O O O O O Kaedah Penyampaian Kaedah Pengukuran
No. P P P P P P P P P P P P & Penilaian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 1
0 2
1 Ability to describe basic blocks of 3 Classroom lecture PKP, peperiksaan,

communication systems kuiz dan tugasan
(Knowledge)
2 Ability to understand and apply the 3 2 Classroom lecture and PKP, peperiksaan,
theoretical of amplitude and digital tutorial amali, laporan dan
modulation in communication systems. bertulis
(Comprehension and application)
3 Ability to understand and calculate 3 2 Classroom lecture and PKP, Peperiksaan,

noise effect on the performance of tutorial kuiz dan tugasan
analog and digital communication
systems.
(Knowledge and application)
4 Ability to explain and give examples on 1 1 1 3 Group work PKP, PRK, laporan
the real application of communication bertulis dan
systems. Perbentangan
(Comprehension)

2
Program Outcomes (POs)
PO 1 Ability to acquire knowledge of basic science and engineering
fundamentals.
PO 2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical
community.
PO 3 Having in-depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering
course.
PO 4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution
PO 5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational
performance
PO 6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the
capacity to be a leader or manager as well as an effective team member.
PO 7 Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental
responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and the need for
sustainable development.

Program Outcomes (POs)
PO 8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring

the capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill.
PO 9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
PO10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
PO11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those
related to microelectronics engineering.
PO12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary
for engineering practice.


Relationship to PEOs (linking process)
Table 1 Program Outcomes and Links to Program Educational Outcomes
PEO
# PO
1 2 3 6
4 5
1 Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of basic science and engineering √ √
fundamentals
2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical √

community
3 Having in depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering √ √

courses
4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution √
5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational √ √

performance
6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the √

capacity to be a leader or manager as well as an effective team member
Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and

7 environmental responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and √ √
the need for sustainable development
8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring √ √

the capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill
9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and √

interpret data.
10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams. √
11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those related √

to microelectronics engineering
12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary √

for engineering practice

REFERENCE BOOK
 Electronic Communication Systems, Blake,

Delmar, 2nd Edition.
 Buku teks: An Introduction to Analog and
Digital Communications, Haykin, Wiley &
Sons.
 Digital Analog Communication Systems, Leon
Couch , 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.

6
Architecture
SYSTEM Stakeholders
PEO Faculty Member
Were design to
support Students
Programme
Outcomes Parents
Were formulated to
congruent with
Industry
Curriculum/ Course
Outcomes
Alumni
Fig.1. The relation between COs, POs and POs, and the list of the stakeholders.

Weekly Teaching Plan
Week Topic
1 Introduction to communication systems: block diagram, signal
representative, and noise.
2 Analog modulation (AM): AM, QAM, DSB, SSB
3 Analog Modulation: VSB, modulator and demodulator, applications
4 Frequency modulation (FM): Bessel function, modulator and
demodulator, applications
5 Phase modulation (PM): modulator and demodulator, applications
6 Digitization techniques: PCM, Delta modulation, ADPCM
7 Coding RZ, NRZ, AMI etc.
8 Mid-Semester examination
9 Project – Communication system application
10 Digital modulation: ASK, FSK
11 Digital Modulation: PSK, BPSK, MSK, QAM
12 Digital multiplex: FDM, TDM, hierarchy
13 Multiple access technique: CDMA. FDMA, WDMA
14 Communication system application i.e. antenna, radar etc
8
Evaluation Weightage
Project & Presentation 20 - 30 %

Assignment 10 - 30 %
Examination 40 - 60 %

9
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to communication systems
 Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signal over a distance for
the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the
use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In modern
times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters
such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the
field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci (telephone), Alexander
Graham Bell (telephone), Guglielmo Marconi (radiotelegraph) and John
Logie Baird (television). Telecommunication is an important part of the
world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue has been
placed at just under 3 percent of the gross world product

10
- The Technology
Evolved
11
Block Diagram of Communication System
Message Transmitted Received Output

Output signal signal Signal signal Output
Message Message
Input Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Output Transducer
Additive noise, interference, distortion

Carrier resulting from band limiting and
nonlinearities, switching noise in
networks, electromagnetic discharges
such as lightning, powerline corona
discharge and so on.
Transducer : an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another, for
example speech waves are converted by a microphone to voltage variation.
Transmitter : The device that is purposely used to couple the signal to the signal. The place
where modulation process happened.
Channel : The medium where the signal is transmitted from transmitter to receiver. For
instance; air, copper cable, optical cable, free space

12
INTRODUCTION: The Block diagram of comm. system
 All information transmission system invariably involve three major
subsystem – a transmitter, the channel, and the receiver.
Input transducer
 The wide variety of possible sources of information results in many different form for
messages. Regardless of their exact form, however, messages may be categorized as
analog or digital.
 The analog signal modeled as function of continuous-time variable, x(t) (e.g. pressure,
temperature, speech, music), whereas the digital signal consists of discrete symbols,
x[n].
 The massage produced by the source must be converted by a transducer to a form
suitable for the particular type of communication system employed. Ex: Speech waves
are converted by a microphone to voltage variations. The converted massage referred to
as the message signal.
 The signal can be interpreted as the variation of a quantity, often a voltage or current,
with time.
13
Block Diagram of Comm. System
Transmitter
 The purpose of the transmitter is to coupler the message to the channel.
 Modulation is the systematic variation of some attribute of the carrier, such as amplitude,
phase or frequency in accordance with the function of the message signal.
 The several reasons for using a carrier and modulating it.
1. For ease of radiation – Enveloping the low frequency to high frequency
2. To reduce noise and interference – The amplitude & immunity
3. For channel assignment – Frequency or wavelength alllocation
4. For multiplexing or transmission of several messages over a single channel
- Multiplexing by means of FDM, WDM, CWDM, DWDM
5. To overcome equipment limitations – Require many equipment to
accomplish the task
The other process which involve in the transmitter also filtering, amplification, and coupling the
modulated signal to the channel. Ex. antenna.
14
Block Diagram of Comm. System
Receiver
 The receiver’s function is to extract the desired message from the received signal at
the channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.
 Although amplification may be one of the first operations performed by the receiver,
especially in radio communications, where the received signal may be extremely
weak, the main function of the receiver is to modulate the received signal.
 Often it is desired that the receiver output be a scaled, possibly delayed, version of
the message signal at the modulator output, although in some case a more general
function of the input message is desired. However , as a result of the presence of
noise and distortion, this operation is less than ideal.
Output Transducer (Decoder/Interpreter)

 The output transducer completes the communication system. The device coverts the
electric signal at its input into the form desired by the system user.
 The examples of transducer includes telephone, tape recorder, personal computer,
meter and CRT.

15
2. Channel Characteristic
Noise Source
 Noise in a communication system can be classified into two broad categories,
depending on its source.; Internal noise and External noise.
 Noise generated by components within a communication system, such as resistor,
electron tubes and solid-state active devices, is referred to as internal noise.
 The second category, external noise, results from sources outside a communication
system, including atmospheric, man-made and extraterrestrial sources.
 Atmospheric noise results primarily from spurious radio waves generated by the
natural electrical discharges within the atmosphere associated with thunderstorms,
commonly referred to as static or spheric. Below about 100 MHz, the field strength
of such radio waves is inversely proportional to frequency. Therefore, it affects
commercial AM broadcast radio, which occupies the frequency range from 530 kHz
to 1.6 MHz, more than it affects television and FM radio, which operate in frequency
bands above 50 MHz.

16
Noise Source
 Man-made noise include high-voltage powerline corona discharge, commutator-
generated noise in electrical motors, automobile and aircraft ignition noise, and
switching-gear noise. This impulsive noise (audio) is the predominantly type in
switched wireline channels, such as telephone channels. For applications such as
voice transmission, impulse noise is only an irritation factor; however, it can be a
serious source of error in application involving transmission of digital data.
 Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost
instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks and pops). Noises of
the kind are usually caused by electromagnetic interference, scratches on the
recording disks, and ill synchronization in digital recording and communication.
 Extraterrestrial noise source include our sun and other hot heavenly bodies, such as stars.
Owing to its high temperature (6000C) and relatively close proximity to the earth, the sun
is an intense, but fortunately localized, source of radio energy that extends over a broad
frequency spectrum. Similarly, the stars are sources of wideband energy. Although much
more distant and hence less the intense than the sun, nevertheless they are collective an
important source of noise because of their vast numbers.
 Radio-Frequency interference (RFI) is noise due to interfering transmitter. It is
particularly troublesome in situation in which a receiving antenna is subject to a high-
density transmitter environment, as in mobile communications in a large city.
17
Noise Source
 Internal noise results from the random motion of charge carriers in electronic
components. It can be three general type: Thermal noise, short noise and flicker
noise.
 Thermal noise caused by the random motion of free electrons in a conductor or
semiconductor excited by thermal agitation.
 Shot noise is cause by the random arrival of discrete charge carriers in such devices
as thermionic tubes or semiconductor junction devices.
 Flicker noise is produced in semiconductors by a mechanism not well understood and
is more severe the lower the frequency.

18
Thermal Noise
Thermal agitation of electron
Thermal Agitation refers to the motion of electrons in a conductor due to heat. That is, without a current being
applied, the electrons are not still, but move about randomly in accordance with the amount of heat energy (the
temperature) of the material.
Temperature is essentially the measure of the energy of a particle. The warmer something is, the more
energetic its particles are, so the more they move around. Thermal agitation is just about how much particles
(mainly electrons) move around based on their energy. It's primarily a quality seen and talked about in
conductors of electricity - as more current applied, the thermal agitation increases.
http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a102-thermal-agitation
Signal w/o noise
Spectrum of signal will thermal noise affection
Signal with noise

3. Types of transmission Channels
The types of Transmission Channels consist of 3 classes:
1. Electromagnetic-Wave propagation Channels
2. Guided Electromagnetic-wave Channels
3. Optical Links
Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels

1. The basic physical principle involved is the coupling of electromagnetic
energy into a propagation medium, which can be free space or the
atmosphere, by means of a radiation element referred to as an antenna.
Many different propagation modes are possible, depending on the physical
configuration of the antenna & the characteristics of the propagation
medium.

20
Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels
Wireless communication is the transfer of info. over a distance without the use of electrical
conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote
control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is
clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a
branch of telecommunications.
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two way radios, cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology
include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and
headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones.

21


Guided electromagnetic-Wave Channels
1. Up until the last part of the twentienth century the most extensive example
of guided electromagnetic wave channel is the part of the long-distance
telephone network that uses wire line, but this has almost exclusively been
replaced by the optical fiber
2. Bandwidths on coaxial-cable links are a few megahertz. The need for
greater Bandwidth initiated the development of millimeter-wave
waveguide transmission systems.
3. However, with the development of low-loss optical fiber, efforts to
improve millimeter wave systems to achieve greater ceased.

25
Optical Links
1. A typical fiber-optic communication system has a light source, which may
be either a LED or a semiconductor laser, in which the intensity of the
light is varied by the message source.
2. The output of this modulator is the input to a light-conducting fiber.
3. The receiver, or light sensor, typically consists of a photodiode. In a
photodiode, an average current flows that is proportional to the optical
power of the incident light. However, the exact number of charge carriers
(electron) is random. The output of the detector is the sum of the average
current which is proportional to modulation & a noise component.

26

The Projects – The Contemporary Issue in Communication
1. Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

2. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
3. Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)
4. Ethernet
5. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

28
The Contents
1. Introduction – Why we need the Technology ?

2. Architecture
3. Equipment
4. Latest Technology/Issue
5. Comparison

29
Customer access network: FTTH ON-SITE
CO
OLT
OS
Feeder

Drop
30
Communication equipment :Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
ISCOM5504 is Optical Line Terminal of Raisecom GEPON system that aggregates Ethernet traffic from remote ONU devices
through passive optical splitters. It provides 4 single-strand PON interfaces for communicating with downlink ONU devices and 4
gigabit combo interfaces for connecting with uplink switches, enabling a high-speed and cost efficient FTTH solution in last mile.
Raisecom GEPON complies with IEEE802.3ah standard and enhances the transfer rates of high-speed Internet connection
services by fiber optics while reducing the cost by sharing multiple lines. It can greatly reduce the networking CAPEX and OPEX
for its reducing failure points and simplifying network architecture, presenting carriers an ideal solution for deploying packet
switching network with limited fiber resources.

31
The Man Strength
Each group should assigned the responsibilities to all of the members. The
responsibilities must comprise of:
1. Leader
2. Moderator
3. Artistic
4. Engineer I
5. Engineer II

32
Details
Duration : 3 weeks
Time of Presentation : 20 minutes
Marks
Report : 15 %
Presentation : 15 %

33

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Lecture 1

Pensyarah: Dr. Mohd. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman

Makmal Penyelidikan komputer dan Sekuriti Rangkaian

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

1 Ability to describe basic blocks of 3 Classroom lecture PKP, peperiksaan,

3 Ability to understand and calculate 3 2 Classroom lecture and PKP, Peperiksaan,

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

PO 8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical √

3 Having in depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering √ √

4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution √

5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational √ √

6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the √

Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and

8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring √ √

9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and √

10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams. √

11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those related √

12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary √

 Electronic Communication Systems, Blake,

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

PEO Faculty Member

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

14 Communication system application i.e. antenna, radar etc

Project & Presentation 20 - 30 %

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

Message Transmitted Received Output

Input Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Output Transducer

Additive noise, interference, distortion

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

Output Transducer (Decoder/Interpreter)

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

Signal w/o noise

Spectrum of signal will thermal noise affection

Signal with noise

Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Guided electromagnetic-Wave Channels

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

1. Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

1. Introduction – Why we need the Technology ?

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP

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