Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anandlal R
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Civil Engg.
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ENVIRONMETAL HAZARDS
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ENVIRONMETAL HAZARDS (contd.)
physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss
environmental degradation.
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Characteristics of Hazards
meaning star
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Characteristics of Disaster
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Classification of hazards / disasters
• Classification based on causative factors:
Natural Man-induced (anthropogenic)
• Volcanic disaster • Physical disasters
Reservoir induced seismic disaster
• Seismic Disaster
Man induced landslide disaster
• Tsunami Disaster Accelerated soil erosion
• Cylcones and so on. • Chemical disasters
Release of toxic chemicals
Nuclear test and explosions ad so on.
• Biological ad health related
Epidemics and pandemics
Eutrophication ad so on
• Technological
Failure of nuclear plants
Nuclear wars
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NATURAL DISASTERS
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MAN MADE DISASTERS
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Minor natural disasters:
Major natural disasters:
• Cold wave
• Flood
• Thunderstorms
• Cyclone
• Heat waves
• Drought
• Mud slides
• Earthquake
• Storm
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• Classification based on rate of Occurrence:
• Sudden or rapid onset hazards or disasters
• Slow onset hazards and disasters
• Classification based on National/International Interests:
• Hazards and Disasters due to Human Error:
• Hazards and Disasters of Continued Effects:
• Classification based on response capability:
• Local Disaster
• National Disaster
• International Disaster
• Compound Disasters:
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Vulnerability
• Describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
• Many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and
environmental
• Physical Vulnerability
• Social Vulnerability
• Economic Vulnerability
• Environmental Vulnerability
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Physical Vulnerability
• Conventionally asset-oriented
• Aspects related to
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Economic Vulnerability
• Loss of biodiversity.
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EXPOSURE
property.
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DISASTER RISK
• The probability that a hazard will happen or, more precisely, the
likelihood that an event will coincide with the elements that can be
affected
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CRISIS MANAGEMENT
• Examples include forest fires, oil spills, health emergencies such as cardiac
arrests or road accidents and outbreaks of diseases such as cholera.
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Disaster Resilience
• Disaster resilience is the ability of individuals, communities,
organizations and states to adapt to and recover from hazards, shocks
or stresses without compromising long-term prospects for
development
• The core elements of disaster resilience as follows :
1. Context:
2. Disturbance:
3. Capacity to respond:
4. Reaction:
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1. Resilience - Context
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2. Resilience - Disturbance
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3. Resilience – Capacity to respond
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Rescue
taking people out of the affected area and debris in the events of
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Relief
• Starts as soon as the disaster strikes
• Main emphasis laid on providing injured with medication and providing food as well as
clean drinking water to the people
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Rehabilitation
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Basic Concepts of Earth as a System
• System analysis emphasis on the importance of understanding the structure
of, and the relationships between and within, different parts of the
environment
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Sub-divisions of a System
• System – refers to the entire environmental system (such as river drainage
basin)
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Earth as a System
• An integrated system
• Sub-divided into 4 components:
• Geosphere/Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
• Components itself are systems in their own right and tightly interconnected
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Geosphere
• Includes the solid crust, the molten mantle and the liquid and solid parts of
the earth's core
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Atmosphere
• Gaseous layer surrounding the earth and held to its surface by gravity
• Receives energy from solar radiation which warms the earth's surface and is
re-emitted and conducted to the atmosphere
• Absorbs water from the earth's surface via the process of evaporation
• Acts to redistribute heat and moisture across the earth's surface
• Contains substances that are essential for life, including carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen and hydrogen
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Hydrosphere
• Those parts of the earth system composed of water in its liquid,
gaseous (vapour) and solid (ice) phases
• The hydrosphere is sub-divided into the fluid water systems and
the cryosphere (the ice systems).
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Biosphere
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Energy Flows
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Mode of Energy Transfer
• Energy transferred within and between environmental systems in three main ways:
• Convection: the physical movement of fluids (air or water) that contain energy
in the form of heat – does not occur in solids
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Three main process of energy transfer at
Global Scale
• Horizontal transfer of sensible heat by the movement of warm air
masses
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Biogeochemical Cycles
• The earth system contains several ‘great cycles’ in which key materials are
transported through the environment
• The key materials that cycle through the major biogeochemical cycles are
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous and Sulphur
• Three of the key biogeochemical cycles are the nitrogen, carbon and
Sulphur cycles
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Carbon Cycle
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Green House Effect
15°C and without green house effect the average temperature would
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Green House
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• The absorbed radiation gets accumulated and converted to heat energy
(lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation).
• Some of the heat rays are reflected by the glass panes and again come
back to the surface.
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Water vapour
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Carbon dioxide
fuels
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Methane CH4
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Water Vapour
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Global warming
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Causes of Global Warming
• Deforestation
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Effects of Global Warming
• Desertification